Due to its high density, excellent absorption behaviour against radiation and environmental friendly characteristics, tungsten alloy is the best choice to produce nuclear logging tungsten radiation shield. Nuclear logging tungsten radiation shields can be divided into gamma rays tungsten radiation shield and neutron tungsten radiation shield.

Gamma rays tungsten radiation shields are usually used to discuss as electromagnetic radiation, for nuclear logging they are treated as photons—classical particles.

Neutron tungsten radiation shield can be used in oil exploration, and undersea exploration. Neutron tungsten radiation shield also can be set in logging or exploration boron, copper, silver, manganese, tungsten, mercury, rare-earth elements, and other minerals.

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Tungsten copper rod has now been used in aviation, electronics, electricity, metallurgy and other industries, understanding tungsten copper rod cleaning tips is is very necessary which is helpul to improve the performance of tungsten copper rod,. Tungsten copper rod cleaning tips mainly in the following points:

First, tungsten copper rod cleaning tips embodied in the degreasing work. Skim work before cleaning tungsten copper rod can be very good to improve the surface quality of tungsten copper rod and improve its resistance to corrosion. Skim is a very critical step, the first step is cleaning work, if degreasing is not good, it will affect the overall results of tungsten copper rod cleaning.

Secondly, tungsten copper rod cleaning tips embodied in lye degreasing cleaning tungsten copper rod. Alkaline degreasing good cleaning surface active agents, there good removal effect of organic lubricants, has now been widely used in various industries.

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Tungsten copper rod is made of tungsten copper alloy, because of a series of significant advantages, areas of tungsten copper rod application are very broad. Tungsten copper rod application mainly reflects in the following aspects:

1. Resistance welding electrode: Tungsten copper rod fully due to the high hardness, high melting point, anti-adhesion characteristics have tungsten, so often used to do a certain wear resistance, high temperature projection welding, butt welding electrode.

2. High-voltage discharge electrode: Tungsten copper rod used as a high-voltage vacuum discharge tube at work, the contact material in a fraction of a second temperature rises several thousand degrees Celsius, while tungsten and copper ablation resistance, high toughness , good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity performance to the discharge tube to provide the necessary stability conditions.

3, High-performance materials for aerospace:Tungsten copper rod has a high density, transpiration cooling performance, high temperature strength and resistance to erosion erosion and other properties, is used in the aerospace industry, missile, rocket nozzle throat insert, gas rudder components, air rudder, hoods and weight and so on.

4, EDM electrode:Tungsten copper rod has high electrical corrosion rate is used as EDM electrodes, low loss rate, precise electrode shape, excellent processing performance, are good workpiece surface quality advantages WC.

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Tungsten copper rod is a composite material of tungsten and copper, the static pressure molding, high temperature sintering, melting prepared by copper infiltration process. Tungsten copper rod processing notes mainly includes three aspects. Master tungsten copper rod processing notes is helpful to improve processing quality and efficiency of tungsten copper rod.

1. Tungsten copper rod cutting process. Tungsten copper rod may be due to impact or excessive force and lack of processing load occurs in the production of thin-walled corners. Tungsten copper rod should be making through holes drilled vias attention in the forthcoming feed load force, to avoid processing lacking.

2. Tungsten copper rod EDM, line cutting. Tungsten copper rod and wire discharge cutting speed is relatively slow, is a normal phenomenon.

3. Tungsten copper rod electroplating process. Tungsten copper rod belonging to the metal powder crystallization process before plating should avoid strong acid, strong alkaline cleaning, so as not to affect the surface of the metal particle shedding plating effect.

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In recent years, tungsten trioxide is considered one of the best materials for sensitive material which is used to detect NO_x, NH₃, and O₃. The properties of tungsten trioxide nano film can improved film performance significantly. So using nano tungsten trioxide film as a sensor, the sensitivity of it can be significantly improved. produxing nano tungsten trioxide processes as follows:
1. First, using PECVD on polishing Si to form Si₃N₄, the Si₃N₄ surface sputtering fork point to Pt electrode. And then to use DC reactive magnetron sputtering method deposits 1500A WO₃ films.
2. In order to obtain good and stable performance semiconductor WO₃ film, processing two-step heat treatment at different temperatures. First, the film heat treatment for 6h at 300 ℃, with cooling to room temperature.
3. the putting film to second heat treatment at 600 ℃ for 12 hours then to obtain WO₃ gas sensing originals.

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Producing tungsten trioxide nano films by magnetron sputtering method which after process by two steps heat-treatment the tungsten trioxide (WO₃) nano films more stable. Therefore, the heat treatment temperature has a great impact on producing nanoWO₃ films.

The film sputtering on a substrate initially is amorphous structures and not sensitive to any gas, so the films need for heat-treating, after the heat treatment the film has a polycrystalline structure and stability is improved. After the studies found when the heat treatment temperature is higher than 300 ℃ will produce 20 ~ 70nm WO₃ nano crystalline film, and then after 600 ℃ heat treatment to get good performance nano films. When the heat treatment is higher than 300 ℃, the average particle size and crack size has increased, so sensitivity decreased. But processing by two-step heat treatment can avoid this phenomenon. It was found that second stage heat treatment which the temperature at 600 ℃ the films particle size not larger and without cracks appear. Thus process by two-step heat treatment method can to obtain better properties WO₃ nano film than producing by high temperature.

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At the end of 1980s, Sweden produced functionally gradient tungsten carbide. Functionally gradient tungsten carbide has the surface of high wear resistance and high tenacity in the middle; it can improve the life expectancy of tungsten carbide button and promote rock drilling efficiency.

Sweden company Sandvik applied this method in making dual phase tungsten carbide, the grade includes DP55, DP60 and DP65 which the wear resistance and tenacity are higher than the conventional one. It can be used for crushing, rotary extrusion and rotary cutting drilling. It accounts for 30 percent in mining and drilling. Using functionally gradient tungsten carbide button can cut the drilling cost and promote efficiency greatly. For example, when drill the limestone tunnels, using the DP55 conical button the drill speed can reach 1.96m/min, the average drill limited distance is 3121m compared to the conventional one which the speed is only 1.48m/min and distance is 1000m. 


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As the cobalt content increases, tungsten carbide hardness and wear resistance decrease, bending resistance increase, but the compressive strength is weaker than before. Also coefficient of thermal expansion rises, thermal conductivity falls down; elasticity modulus and rigidity modulus descend. Bearing fatigue point goes up.

When tungsten carbide button cracks, cobalt phase caused plastic deformation. Carbide stays almost the same, its yield strength is quite high, so it has a certain limitation for plastic deformation of cobalt phase. Low cobalt content tungsten carbide fracture toughness is KIC=3+90λ½, high cobalt content tungsten carbide fracture toughness is KIC=57+12λ½. Tungsten carbide fracture toughness ascents along with the increase of cobalt content. The maximum cobalt content is 29 percent. Tungsten carbide bending strength also goes up with cobalt content. But when cobalt content reaches 10 percent or more, bending strength goes down.


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Through color electron microscopy observing the shape and size of the tungsten oxides found different phase component tungsten oxides have different particle morphology and size. Violet tungsten oxide (VTO) particles are rod-shaped, and the rest of the tungsten oxides particles morphology is nearly spherical. VTO particle size are large than other tungsten particle size. The blue tungsten oxide (BTO) which the main phase is ATB has minimum particle when compare to other tungsten oxides. Using electron diffraction pattern found violet tungsten oxide is single crystal particles, while the other was a polycrystalline particle. Where rod-shaped VTO length has several microns and cross-sectional dimensions is about 100 ~ 200nm. In the primary phase of ATB BTO particle cross-sectional dimensions is about 10nm. WO₂₀O₅₈ main phase of BTO particle cross-sectional dimensions is about 40nm which is similar to WO₃ particle cross-sectional dimensions. From the degree of aggregation between the particles, the smallest gap between the particles is ATB. The microscopic particle size of the tungsten oxide and its macroscopic FSSS size compared to, we can see that the two are not related links.

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According to different applications, tungsten carbide button producing requires middle or macro tungsten carbide grain size.

Tungsten carbide grain size affects tungsten carbide button properties from the following aspects:

1.Wear resistance and hardness. Tungsten carbide button hardness is related to cobalt content and tungsten carbide grain size. With the increase of cobalt content and tungsten carbide grain size, tungsten carbide button wear resistance and hardness decrease. The finer the tungsten carbide grain size, the better the wear resistance.

2.Bending strength. If the tungsten carbide grain size is 2um, bending strength arises with cobalt content. If tungsten carbide grain size is between 3um-5um, bending strength arises at the beginning along with cobalt content.

3,Fracture toughness. For the tungsten carbide button with the same cobalt content, if the tungsten carbide grain size is larger, then the fracture toughness is higher. On the contrary the smaller the tungsten grain size is, the lower the fracture toughness will be.


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