Tungsten carbide ball shape tolerances, surface roughness, the variation of the batch diameter table as follow:

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Fig.5 shows the critical load as a function of post-annealing temperature for TiN coatings with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm showing highest adhesion strength in Fig.3.As post-annealing temperature increases, the critical load value continually increased. Differently from TiN/Ti/WC-Co system, the critical load for TiN/Co/WC-Co system was increased even after post-annealing at 600 °C for 2 h.

Fig. 6 shows optical micrographs of the scratch path near the highest scratch load, before and  after post-annealing at 600 °C for 2 h for the sample with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm.  Although some flaking appeared after the point showing the highest load, Lc2 of 84 N (Fig. 6a), this failure behavior is much improved compared to the case without Co interlayer. The post-annealing treatment further improved the failure mode (Fig. 6b). This result is believed to be attributed to the improvement of adhesion property due to heat treatment.

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Fig. 4 shows the frictional force vs. Co interlayer thickness. It was found that the frictional force was largely dependent on the Co interlayer thickness. It is known that the extrinsic parameters directly influencing the scratch test results are tungsten carbide substrate hardness, existence of interlayer, coating thickness, coating hardness, and roughness. However, the existence of interlayer among these parameters is known to be the main parameter influencing the extent of deformation of the coating- substrate assembly. Consequently, the results shown in Figs. 3 and 4 could be explained mainly by the existence of interlayer with different thickness.

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During the World War Ⅱ, tungsten has already been used as an important raw material for military defense. There were abundant wolfram ore reserves found then in Portugal, which were used to produce tungsten concentrates for military defense,tungsten alloy rod is one of the material for military.

Different process methods could offer different rod properties ,if need high ultimate tensile strength and high hardness, tungsten alloy material usually need to be swaged, which are usually used in military field, such as tungsten heavy alloy swaging rod for armor piercing, bullet and hunting shot, tungsten alloy fragments; if they need just sintering, they could be offered as tungsten alloy cube, sphere, ball, etc. for military defense. Sometimes, in order to get a higher property, we usually add some other materials to mix the powder, such as Co, Mo, etc. If it comes to some parts used for navy, coated or electrodeposited chromium could be offered according to protect from saltness corrosion.

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With its high density, tungsten alloy is the  Tungsten is non-toxic, and environmentally friendly materia. Tungsten alloy cubes for military defense can easily replace lead in most cases.

Having more concentrated weight means having more control to achieve the center of mass that you are targeting. Owing to its great hardness and resistance to high temperature, tungsten has been increasingly adopted in military defense increasingly today.

Advantage of Tungsten Alloy Cubes for Military Defense:

1, High-density

2, High absorption capacity against X-rays and gamma rays

3, Good modulus of elasticity

4, High hardness

5,Environment protection standard

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Tungsten is an important element for use in the production of some special steels and is added to steel as ferrotungsten alloys. Low carbon ferrotungsten is mostly produced by the metallothermic reduction process. The aim of this study was to determine ferrotungsten production parameters for the Etibank Scheelite concentrate containing 35% WO₃ by an aluminothermic process. Although tungsten was recovered up to 95.4%, the tungsten content of alloy obtained was a maximum of 52.6% in the aluminothermic processing of tungsten calcine obtained by total oxidizing roasting of the concentrate. Therefore, pre-roasting and magnetic separation treatments were applied to tungsten concentrate to enrich the tungsten content in the non-magnetic part of the concentrate, and the tungsten recovery obtained was 92.5%. After applying total oxidizing roasting to the non-magnetic part of the concentrate to decrease the sulfur content, a calcine containing 50.4% WO₃ was obtained. By aluminothermic reduction of this calcine, tungsten could be recovered at 79.4% and concentrated as 75.4% in the ferroalloy.

 

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Castle tungsten dart rule is a fun game of British origin that may be played by any number of people.

The Object: To be the first player to build a castle (represented by a 5x5 pyramid of boxes).

The Scoring: Playing order is determined with a throw of one dart each at bulls-eye, closest to the bulls-eye goes first, furthest goes last. Names are written on the board in throwing order with a representation of their castle next to their name:

The Play: Each player throws one dart with the wrong hand to set a random number. It does not matter if the tungsten dart lands in the double or triples ring for this throw. Only the raw number matters. This number is written with the players name and castle and is the target for that player for the remainder of the game.

After all players have set their target numbers, they throw three tungsten darts each turn to try to build a castle. Each tungsten dart that hits the players target number checks off one box in the castle. The thin outer "doubles" ring counts as two and the thin inner "triples" ring counts as three. The first player to build their castle (that is to check off all 15 boxes) wins the game.

A player may choose during any turn to knock down a piece of another player's castle instead of trying to build. This is done by hitting the other player's target number with doubles and triples counting in the usual way. Keep in mind that if a player has no boxes checked, you can't knock down what he/she doesn't have. For example, if a player has 3 boxes checked and you throw a single and a triple of his target number for a score of 4, the player does not have to throw any extra.

Strategy: Keep an eye on how fast the other players are building. If a player is getting too far ahead, throw a dart or two to bring him/her down.

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The porosity, non-combined carbon and materials levels of tungsten carbide ball table as follow:
 

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Generally in scratch testing, Lc₂ is defined as a load, where the acoustic burst and rising friction force emerge due to a serious detachment of coatings from the WC-Co substrate surface. In this study, scratch tests were performed 5 times on each sample, and a mean value of the critical load, Lc₂ was adopted as a parameter for adhesion strength. Fig. 3 shows the critical scratch load (Lc₂) as a function of thickness of Co interlayer. The critical load increased with the thickness of Co interlayer. Thereafter, the critical load tended to decrease with the increase in thickness. The highest critical load of approximately 84 N was obtained for the TiN coating with Co interlayer having a thickness of 0.027 μm. It was found that the critical scratch load was strongly dependent on the thickness of Co interlayer. The increase of critical load with the introduction of Co interlayer can be related to the reduction of shear stress at the interface between TiN coating and WC-Co substrate.

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Tungsten carbide ball categories and grades meet the rules of GB/T 18376.3.The basic composition and mechanical properties table of tungsten carbide ball by LS category tungsten carbide as follows:
 

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