Tungsten carbide cutting tools are now in common use in industry. The differences in tool performance between cryogenically treated and untreated tungsten carbide tool inserts during the high-speed milling of medium carbon steel were analyzed. It has been found that cryogenically treated tools exhibit better tool wear resistance than untreated ones.It is also evident that the application of coolant during cutting helps to reduce tool wear experienced by the cryogenically treated tools even further very few papers have been published about the beneficial uses of a deep cryogenic treatment at 77 K on the properties of high speed steel.Thermal and cryogenic conditions were concurrently followed by down-thermal shock (pos- itive to negative temperature excursion) and up-thermal shock (negative to positive temperature excursion) treatments respectively on the composite laminates.
 

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The recommended crack detection methods of carbide blade include,
 
1.Clean the sample with kerosene, testing under microscope with a magnigication of 10-45times.

2.Take 65% of kerosene,30% of transformer oil and 5% turpentine to prepare a solution adding with Sudan.To check tool is then immersed into the solution for 10 to 15 minutes.Wash the tool with water and coated with kaolin, check the surface after drying. If there is a crack on the tool, the color of the solution will be displayed on the clay .

3.Fluorescent light-emitting liquid test for 3. UV effect. A fluorescent liquid is made of one transformer oil,two kerosene and 0.03-0.05% of gold green fluorite (CaF2), while the ultraviolet light can be generated from a mercury quartz lamp light that passing through a magnifying glass. When there is a crack, it will emit a fluorescent yellow-green liquid light .

4.Ultrasonic nondestructive testing.


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Formulated a number of copies 0.3mol than concentrations of sodium tungstate solution of 100ml, according to different proportions join RI (OOH). Or where (OOH) n. The clear solution was then transferred to an autoclave, and heated hydrothermal reaction at 140 ℃, detected during the reaction pH of the solution. 24h after filtration, washing (washing with deionized water and ethanol each 3 to 5 times), dried (5O℃) treatment.

Which changes the whole situation, adding organic matter weak acid solution acidity than adding a solution of hydrochloric acid acidity is lower. Since the preparation of the tungsten oxide pyrochlore type process is actually consumed in expansion, increase in the acidity of the solution will help improve the nucleation rate, such that the formation of hydrothermal more grains in a relatively short period of time. And in the material conditions of a constant increase in the number of grains of system generated will lead to reducing the grain radius. From this perspective, the difference between the actual average particle size of the product categories inconsistent with the theory of judgment, may be due to hydrothermal systems PH stability of the product particle size also play a role in the impact, and the effect is more pronounced.

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When using a weak acid-type organic and neutral organics as additives, various additives may also occur their redox reaction in the hydrothermal system. However, since the reactor does not provide an oxidizing agent, organic additives is difficult to oxidation-reduction reaction by itself ultimately generate cO32 one. Experiments show that, to each group after the reaction was added dropwise a solution of calcium chloride solution, no white precipitate formed, the solution described does not generate co wide.

Organic amendments after the hydrothermal reaction in the complete conversion of cO32 a is the ideal result, so that, by means causticizing reaction to convert solution NaZCO3 into NaOH, so as to realize recycling NaoH, traditional oxide tungsten production of raw materials is difficult cycle, high productivity, and poor environmental benefits expected to be resolved many key issues, has obvious practical significance.

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The pyrochlore-type tungsten trioxide was synthesized by controlling pH value accurately using hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction data show that the pure pyrochlore-type tungsten trioxide with small grain size is obtained when the initial pH of the solution is 3. The Pt-W O3-C composite catalysts using the pyrochlore-type tungsten trioxide and carbon powder as support were prepared by different processes for polymer exchange membrane fuel cells. The catalytic activity of Pt/(W O3-C ) synthesized by one step hydrothermal and following impregnation method was more active than that of Pt/C measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the single-cell polarization tests. The SEM image shows a better dispersion of Pt/(W O3-C )com posite catalyst than others.

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Research tungsten oxide photochromic almost half a century, but uncertainty and change color to characterize the selected light source so that the unity of development is very slow. 1973 Dbell use urbach rules: K = K0exp {-B (E0g-hv) / KT} where hv is the radiation energy, features B and all the material constants. Selecting the appropriate light source, is the key to the realization of discoloration. The current sources are mainly two kinds of pressure mercury lamp and a high pressure xenon lamp, wattage of light source of different, there are a mercury lamp 500W, 400W, 250W, 150W, etc; xenon lamp has a 50 () W, 200W, 150W, 75W and the like. Although only change the wattage of light intensity, but it reflects the color properties of tungsten oxide. In particular, to meet the different needs from the viewpoint of the photochromic material under the sun light is sunglass manufacturers have been pursued, and long-term stability of high-band color material is desired field of information, and requires a material having a display aspect of a fast decolorization performance. Therefore, light-induced oxidation of tungsten exploration is still a long way to go discolored material.

Most scholars are detected by UV spectroscopy after light irradiation discoloration of materials, but the method can not measure the discoloration process in a short time, so we discoloration of the mechanism and process of its difficult to accurately grasp. Electrons produced until 1993 using a highly sensitive technique to detect TR tungsten oxide in a few seconds after the light discoloration, gives the decolorization tungsten oxide reversible process is the conclusion at the same time, and proposed rate and colored light when empty Point of view related to the number. In addition, by EsR, XPS and other means can also check the process side of the tungsten oxide discoloration, but the two instruments are very expensive, and therefore can not serve as a common means of representation.

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A main factor in the hard turning process of tungsten carbide tool is tool geometry or edge preparation.The edge preparation of the cutting tool (round or chamfered edge) affects the cutting forces, cutting temperature, and tool wear. According to Grzesik an extensive study characterizing the surface roughness generated during hard turning with conventional and wiper ceramic tools at a variable feed rate.

A similar study was also reported by Grzesik and Wanat. Their study investigated the surface roughness produced in the turning of hardened low-chromium alloy steel using mixed alumina–titanium carbon ceramic cutting tools equipped with both conventional and wiper inserts. Their results also demonstrated that wiper inserts working with a double feed rate showed similar wear behavior.


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(1) Preparation of solution acidity pyrochlore-type oxides need not be confined to the desired acidic range, previous researchers summarized pH range (3.5 to 6.0) are not powder preparation must environment, the pH range that extends 3.5 ~ 8.9.

(2)Sodium tungstate solution pH or not cause a significant impact on the average particle size of the product; different additives can create a huge difference in the pH of the environment in the hydrothermal system, select the appropriate additives is to prepare pyrochlore The key factor of the tungsten oxide type.

(3) The size of the pH value of the reaction rate on the one hand will cause a major impact, pH smaller the faster the reaction rate; the other hand, the final solution will affect the decomposition rate, i.e. less than 7, the solution to generate complex tungsten-containing complex ions resulting solution structure changed dramatically, partly stable complex ions in solution are not easily transformed, resulting in W element can not be all entered H2W2O7 precipitate. From the simultaneous pursuit of the reaction rate, the decomposition rate of the final solution, the angle of view, the optimal conditions for the preparation of tungsten oxide pyrochlore type for pH≈7.

(4) Preparation of pyrochlore-type process, H + and reaction equivalent ratio WO42- 2 is more likely, according to the findings consistent element conservation law and the law of conservation of charge determined by the overall reaction scheme.

(5) Dosage and reactant solution temperature both will affect the reaction rate, the influence of can be summarized as follows: a solution at the same pH conditions, the reactants the higher the dose, the faster the reaction rate: the guaranteed reactants does not occur Under the premise of change, the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction rate.

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Formulated a number of copies 0.3mol/L. Than the concentration of sodium tungstate solution of 100ml, and then divided into two groups do different treatment: one group solution R1 (OOH) n as an additive, the amount of each solution were added 2g, will stir mixed clarification Move solution autoclave, hydrothermal reaction at different temperatures within 24h 4h reaction time was analyzed for every solution. Another group of solutions chosen Ra (OH) n as an additive, in accordance with different doses of sodium tungstate was added to the solution, after the mixed solution was stirred into a uniform clear autoclave, subjected to hydrothermal reaction at different temperatures, only 24h after the solution was analyzed.

To R1(OOH)n is additive, the increase in the range of 110-140 ℃ temperature significantly help to improve response rates, reduce the temperature continues to increase the reaction rate Shique cause. From the microscopic point of view, the elevated temperature to increase the percentage of activated molecules, thereby increasing the chemical reaction rate. And because Rl (OOH) n prone to dehydration reaction itself at 160 ℃, thereby reducing the concentration of the solution in the expansion, causing excessively high temperatures but not conducive to promote the reaction.

With Ra (OH) n is additive, the effect of temperature on the decomposition rate after 24h, and added the effects of Ra (OH) n addition amount of the reaction rate. Visible increase Ra (OH) n addition amount of help to improve the reaction rate, which is consistent with the added Rl (OOH) n when the result. On the effect of temperature, the high temperature also increases the reaction rate and is not conducive to the final solution of the decomposition rate, since the Ra (OH). At about 180 ℃ into liquid, resulting in a significant increase in viscosity hydrothermal reaction is carried out to the detriment of, and at a high temperature prone to more complex self-decomposition reaction, reducing the concentration of weak acid product decreases the reaction rate.

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1.Free cutting aluminum  alloy
The material is widely applied  in the aerospace industry, the suitable tungsten carbide tools include K10, K20, PCD with the cutting speed varied from 2000 to 4000m / min. Its feed rate is 3 ~ 12m / min, rake angle is 12 ° ~ 18 °and after angle is about 10 ° ~ 18 °whereas the blade angle up to 25 °.

2.Cast aluminum alloy
According to the different Si contents in cast aluminum alloy , the tungsten tool selection is different.If the Si content is less than 12% of the cast aluminum alloy ,the suggestion tool is K10, Si3N4. If the Si content is more than 12%, it can be PKD (artificial diamond), PCD (polycrystalline diamond) and CVD diamond coated tools. For the over silicon aluminum alloy if si content is up to 16%~18% , the preferred one is PCD or CVD. Specially, for diamond coated tools, the cutting speed is around 1100m / min, while feed rate is 0.125mm / r.
 

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