YT30:its density is 9.5 with bending strength up to 1140 and the relevant hardness is 92.5. In terms of performance its wear resistance and cutting speed higher than YT15 but strength and impact toughness comparatively lower finishing of carbon steel and alloy steel,for instance fine turning,boring or fine reaming or their small chip sections.

YT15:its density is11.3 with bending strength up to 1650 and the relevant hardness is 92. In terms of performance its wear resistance higher than YT5,but impact toughness lower than YT5,semi-finishing of the medium chip sections of steel .cast steel and alloy steel or finishing or their small chip sections

YT5:its density is12.9 with bending strength up to 2200and the relevant hardness is 90.5. In terms of performance it has best strength and high impact &shock resistance among W-Co-Tialloys but wear resistance comparatively lower.Rough turning rough planing and half precision planing of carbon steel and alloy steel(including forged steel parts,stamped parts and cast iron surfaces).


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The precaution for use of carbide tools is listed as follow,

1. Carbide grades. This sounds strange as it was also an advantage, but harder carbides have problems as well. Due to the high hardness of inserts they can be broken or chipped easily if they come into contact with hard materials. You must watch out for loose knots or foreign materials at all times.

2. Proper setup. Inserts must be mounted properly between changes. This includes making sure pitch and dust is removed from all mounting surfaces before putting in a new insert. Seating inserts properly in the head is important to getting the proper cut. Also, proper tightening of gib screws is important to prevent insert breakage or screw stripping.

3. Damage. If an insert head is crashed or an insert is broken, the head may need to be sent back to the manufacturer for repairs. In the worst case scenario, you may have to replace the head due to the damage.

 
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A cutting edge of carbide tool comprising an edge body mounted on a blade and a hard member provided at a leading end of the edge body, wherein the hard member comprises: a first hard material containing hard grains which are dispersed with high filling density and are integrally combined by a metal having a lower melting point than the hard grains; and a protective member which covers at least a front face of the hard material as viewed in the travel direction of the blade and which has impact resistance, wherein said first hard material contains hard grains consisting solely of large diameter hard grains having diameters of 1 mm or more distributed in the entire area of the hard material with small diameter hard grains having diameters of 0.5 mm or less filling gaps between the large diameter hard grains.

The number of cutting edges(teeth) consequently results from the following parameters,1.material to be machined,2.Dimension of workpieces,3.Cutting conditions.

In general cemented carbide milling cutters for roughing operations are designed with large chip spaces, which means with a smaller number of teeth. finishing operations require a larger number of teeth in order to limit the chip load per tooth.


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There are four stable tungsten oxide: yellow oxide (WO3), blue oxide (WO2.90), purple oxide (WO2.72) and tan oxide (WO2).

Tungsten trioxide is lemon-yellow crystalline powder, a density of 7.2 ~ 7.4g / cm3, melting point of about 1470 ℃, boiling point between 1700 ~ 2000 ℃, significantly higher than the sublimation 800 ℃, tungsten trioxide generate heat 202.8 cal / mol, tungsten anhydride can be slightly soluble in water (0.2g / L), insoluble in all inorganic acids other than hydrofluoric acid. Tungstate easily soluble caustic solution (NaOH or KOH) and ammonia to form tungstate [NaWO4, K2WO4 and (NH4) 2WO4]. Ammonia solution in tungsten trioxide dissolved slowly, heated to a high temperature to dissolve more slowly. Tungsten trioxide readily reduced various reducing agents. At room temperature, even small amounts of organic matter will be able to restore it, and change its color. However, time and heated in air to restore the original color. At 700 ~ 900 ℃, the tungsten trioxide is readily reduced by hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon into tungsten metal.

Tungsten dioxide is a chocolate powder, a density of 10.9 ~ 11.1g / cm3, a boiling point of about 1700 ℃, generate heat 134 kcal / mol, at 575 ~ 600 ℃ when the hydrogen reduction of tungsten trioxide generated tungsten dioxide. Tungsten dioxide in water, alkali solution, hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid does not dissolve. Tungsten can be oxidized to nitric oxide high oxide. Tungsten dioxide in the air quickly oxidized to tungsten trioxide, heated at 500 ℃ to turn blue in the oxide in the oxide. In 1020 ℃ into tungsten carbon dioxide can be reduced to metallic tungsten.

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A tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating on a substrate such as a honeycomb, purifies the air in a building or a vehicle by oxidizing any contaminants in the air that adsorb onto the coating to water, carbon dioxide, and other substances.

A fan draws air into an air purification system. The air first flows through a particle filter that filters out dust or any other large particles. The air then flows through an open passage or channel of a honeycomb. The surface of the honeycomb is coated with a tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalytic catalyst. An ultraviolet light source positioned between successive honeycombs activate the tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating. The walls of the air purification system are preferably lined with a reflective material to reflect the ultraviolet light onto the interior surface of the open passages of the honeycomb.

When photons of the ultraviolet light are absorbed by the tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating, an electron is promoted from the valence band to the conduction band, producing a hole in the valence band. The electrons in the conduction band are captured by oxygen. The holes in the valence band react with water that is adsorbed on the tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating, forming reactive hydroxyl radicals.

The tungsten oxide forms a monolayer on the titanium dioxide. When a contaminant in the air is adsorbed onto the tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating, the hydroxyl radical attacks the contaminant, abstracting a hydrogen atom from the contaminant and oxidizing the contaminants to water, carbon dioxide, and other substances. The tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating has a low sensitivity to humidity. Therefore, humidity has a much lower effect on the photocatalytic activity of the tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide photocatalyst as compared to the titanium dioxide photocatalyst of the prior art.

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Tungsten trioxide is used for many purposes in everyday life. It is frequently used in industry to manufacture tungstates for x-ray screen phosphors, for fireproofing fabrics and in gas sensors. Due to its rich yellow color, WO3 is also used as a pigment in ceramics and paints.In recent years, tungsten trioxide has been employed in the production of electrochromic windows, or smart windows. These windows are electrically switchable glass that change light transmission properties with an applied voltage.This allows the user to tint their windows, changing the amount of heat or light passing through.

The infrared emissivity modulation method by controlling the carriers in material. Based on the theory of electromagnetic wave, the relationship between emissivity and refractive index was discussed. The object with higher refractive index had lower emissivity. The refractive index of a material had relationship with the carrier concentration in it. The emissivity of material could be modulated by controlling the carrier concentration. Magnetron sputtering method was used to prepare WO3 thin film on ITO glass. The H+ ions and electrons were injected into or extracted out of the film by electrochemical method. The carrier concentration in the film was changed. It had a higher spectral reflectivity with the film of bleached, and a lower spectral reflectivity when the film is colored. The results show that the infrared emissivity can be modulated by controlling the carrier concentration.

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Tungsten trioxide is used for many purposes in everyday life. It is frequently used in industry to manufacture tungstates for x-ray screen phosphors, for fireproofing fabrics and in gas sensors. Due to its rich yellow color, WO3 is also used as a pigment in ceramics and paints.In recent years, tungsten trioxide has been employed in the production of electrochromic windows, or smart windows. These windows are electrically switchable glass that change light transmission properties with an applied voltage.This allows the user to tint their windows, changing the amount of heat or light passing through.

Tungsten dioxide prepare process is ammonium paratungstate at about500℃ air calcined as tungsten trioxide, or a slight reduction to blue tungsten oxide at about 450℃ in hydrogen. Making tungsten filament  incandescent lamp is incorporated in a small amount of potassium hydroxide, silicon oxide and aluminum oxide in the tungsten trioxide or blue tungsten oxide, the amount does not exceed the sum of 1%, which is Baz invention in 1922 tungsten silk doping process. After doped  tungsten oxide reduction process of the metal tungsten powder with hydrogen. Reduction process is generally carried out in two steps: the first step to restore about 630℃ to tungsten oxide (brown tungsten oxide), the second step is reduced to tungsten metal powder at about 820 ℃. The purpose is to make the two-step reduction of potassium incorporated into full play the role and control of particle size. Such doped tungsten powder and then get in a special mold pressed into thin side bar. The side bar in hydrogen powered by self resistance heating (temperature of about 3000 ℃) method sintered tungsten sintered density can reach more than 85% of the theoretical value. This tungsten by swaging method can be processed into about 3mm in diameter tungsten rod, and then further processed by drawing mold into a variety of different ways thickness of the tungsten filament. For example 220V,15W incandescent tungsten filament with a diameter of about 15μm, and 10000W bromine tungsten lamp with a tungsten filament diameter of about 1.25mm. Finer tungsten as 220V, 10W incandescent tungsten filament diameter of about 12μm, will have to use the method to produce electrolytic corrosion.

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Hydrazinium oxalate tungstate complicated salts were prepared by using hydrazine , oxalic acid and tungstic acid as raw materials , and tungsten black oxides were prepared by using these complicated salts as precursors under the protection of purified nitrogen .The result from thermogravimetry points out that the thermal decomposition of the precursor completes at about 500 ℃.The ingredient of raw materials composing the precursor affects some properties of the product .The optimal ratio of hydrazine , oxalic acid and tungstic acid was determined to be 1 .0∶4 .0∶0 .5 .Temperature and time of thermal decomposition were experimentally found to affect the properties of the product too .When the precursor with the optimal ratio is thermally decomposed at 650 ℃ and for 30 min , the product is typically black and called model product .The O/W index and content of ammonium ion were determined . The O/W index is very close to that in W18O49 and the ammonium tungsten bronze is not enough to account under the selected condition .The powder XRD pattern of model product reveals that the main phase is a W18O49 one and the WO2 phase takes a little .Of the model product , the specific surface area (BET method)was measured to be12 m2·g-1and the agglomerate diameter (d50)3.68μm.

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