Tungsten contacts have the following features:
Good impact toughness;
Small thermal expansion coefficient;
High purity: ≥99.95%;
High density: 71-74HRA;
High density: 19.1g / cm³-19.3g / cm³;
Low vapor pressure, slow evaporation;
Excellent corrosion resistance;
Good roundness, concentricity and flatness;
Nice and stable arc erosion resistance performance;
Shorter section grain fiber;
Better interrupting current capability;
Smooth rod surface, without cracks and scratches;
Box used to hold tungsten contacts need to be reinforced and in which put waterproof paper;
Tungsten contacts in transit should prevent violent impact, corrosion and acid rain and snow;
Tungsten contacts storage location should be dry and without corrosive gases.

 

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Bis (butyl cyclopentyl) tungsten dibromide formula is C18H26Br2W, molecular weight of 586.05 and a melting point (under normal pressure) is 112-116 ℃. Besides the system CAS number of bis (butyl cyclopentyl) tungsten dibromide is 90023-17-9. It is stable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, but to avoid contact with strong oxidants. To be stored in a cool, dry place and keep it into the storage container. There are some synonyms of bis (butyl cyclopentyl) tungsten dibromide which is double (butylcyclopentadienyl) tungsten, bis (butylcyclopentadienyl) tungsten dibromide. In the operation should to wear protective goggles and gloves and other protective equipment to avoid contact with the product to irritation the skin and eyes.

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Tungsten dibromide is a black powder and formula is WBr2, molecular weight of 343.66. It is unstable and susceptible to oxidation, easy to produce octahedral groups. Polymer W6Br12 easily oxidized to high valence tungsten oxide, but heating it will back into W6B12.  Besides system CAS No. is 13470-10-5.
Producing tungsten dibromide three methods as follow shown:
1. Under 400-500 ℃ heating conditions, using hydrogen to restore tungsten pentabromide to generate tungsten dibromide.
2. Under 400-450 ℃ condition, disproportionation by tungsten tetrabromide to obtain.
3. Producing crude tungsten dibromide by borosilicate glass tube and then putting it into high silicate heat resistant tubes were heated at 600 ℃ for several minutes to remove volatile impurities appears to the producing process to obtain pure tungsten dibromide.

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Tungsten dioxydibromide (WO2Br2) is a purple-brown solid deliquescent prismatic crystal. Tungsten dioxydibromide can produce by mixed a certain stoichiometric tungsten powder, tungsten oxide and bromine to obtain.
Synthesis tungsten dioxydibromide processes as follows:
1. The mixture which consists of 2.758g (15mmol) tungsten powder, 6.956g (30mmol) tungsten oxide and 7.192g (45mmol) bromine with stoichiometry was placed in a reaction tube, putting 2mg of bromine in the tube to prevent generate low-cost tungsten bromide and tungsten bromide oxide and bromine in the reaction.
2. The reaction tube was melted under vacuum seal, and placed in a temperature gradient of 400/40 ℃ was heated until the bromine totally reacted, after preheating, putting the reaction tube  in the temperature gradient of 450/325 ℃ was heated 15h .
3. To sublimation purification the crude product for a second time.
4. To separate off more volatile impurities WOBr4 and WBr5 then can get pure crystalline tungsten dioxydibromide.
During synthesis tungsten dioxydibromide when use bromine or iodine need to preheat the reactants in order to prevent the tube explosion, because there is a higher pressure of halogen partial. And during the heating period, only put the end which containing a mixture of tungsten powder and tungsten oxide into the oven until the elemental halogen exhausted to generate a high halide and halogen tungsten oxide so far.

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Tungsten dioxydibromide formula is WO2Br2, molecular weight of 375.65, which is a purple-brown solid deliquescent prismatic crystals, decomposition hydrolysis at 200 ~ 300 ℃, the system CAS No.: 13520-75-7. Tungsten dioxydibromide is very sensitive to moisture in the atmosphere. It produces a clear and colorless solution in dilute or concentrated sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution. Besides there were not reaction when tungsten dioxydibromide react with hot or cold concentrated hydrochloric acid or drying organic solvent there. Producing tungsten dioxydibromide can mixed an amount of certain stoichiometric tungsten powder, tungsten oxide and bromine.
During synthesis tungsten dioxydibromide when use bromine or iodine need to preheat the reactants in order to prevent the tube explosion, because there is a higher pressure of halogen partial. And during the heating period, only put one end which containing a mixture of tungsten powder and tungsten oxide on the stove, making the initial reaction occurs between the powder mixture and halogen, until halogen substance consumption to the end, and generates a high halide and tungsten oxyhalide so far.

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Tungsten tetrabromide is a black needle-like crystals, the formula is WBr4, a molecular weight of 503.5, is the orthogonal fine structure with a lattice constant α = 0.849nm, CAS number: 12045-94-2. It has anti-magnetic properties and easily oxidized. Generating tungsten hexaboride and tungsten dibromide at 450-500 ℃ by disproportionation, and easily be restore by pyridine, acetonitrile and other nitrogen ligand compound to form the corresponding complexes.
Tungsten tetrabromide producing methods shown as follow: (1) reduction pentabromide tungsten by aluminum or tungsten. (2)Generated by tungsten pentabromide disproportionation under at 180 ℃ and vacuum conditions. (3) tungsten cotton in 1000-1500K reacted with 0.7-6.6kPa bromine to form WBr4. (4) at 550 ~ 700K 10kPa when reacted with bromine vapor is also formed WBr4. (5) putting tungsten powder and WBr5 each at the end of vacuum-sealed quartz tube and heated at 630℃ and 340℃for each end. It can also produce tungsten tetrabromide. Chemical reaction equation is as follows: W + 4WBr5 → 5WBr4.

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Bis (cyclopentadienyl) tungsten dichloride is a green crystal, its physical characteristics are as follows: formula: C10H10Cl2W, molecular weight: 384.93, melting point: 250 ℃, system CAS number: 12184-26-8, PubChem number: 24871096. Although bis (cyclopentadienyl) dichloride tungsten at normal temperature and pressure is stable, but to avoid contact with the material oxides, water or air, to store it in dry place and protected from light. C10H10Cl2W have some irritation, in the operation of the job to wear protective clothing, gloves and goggles and other equipment, to avoid danger. If accidentally in contact, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Bis (cyclopentadienyl) dichloride tungsten for water usually is not harmful, but without governmental permits cannot release the material to the environment. C10H10Cl2W mainly for tungsten organic intermediates producing, it can produce by dihydro-bis (cyclopentadienyl) tungsten and chloroform reacting with to obtained.

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Tungsten dichloride is a pale gray tungsten powder, easy to form octahedral groups. Its physical properties are as follows: formula: WCl2, MW: 254.76, relative density: 5.436 and it can dissolve in hydrochloric acid, ethanol and ether. Tungsten dichloride in the air is unstable, easily oxidized, and decompose occurs at 500 ℃ condition. It may even be oxidaize by water, when react with water it will occur fierce reaction to release hydrogen. Tungsten dichloride can be saved in excess of hydrogen chloride.
Tungsten dichloride producing in two ways: First, can using aluminum restore tungsten hexachloride in sodium tetrachloroaluminate melting to generation, the second is at 400-450 ℃ the tungsten tetrachloride will cause disproportionation reaction to produce tungsten dichloride.
The reaction is reacting at closed vacuum boron silicate glass tube. Putting tungsten tetrachloride into the end of the tube, and heated to 450-500 ℃, and the other end is kept at room temperature. With the reaction proceeds, tungsten pentachloride can condense at the cold end portion of the tube, thereby separating the tungsten dichloride. Reaction equation: 3WCl4 (s) → WCl2 (s) + 2WCl5 (g).

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Temperature-dependent vibrational (Raman and infrared) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies have been performed on polycrystalline Na₂WO₄ṡ2H₂O and Na₂MoO₄ṡ2H₂O crystals. Raman data at low temperature 13-300 K for sodium tungstate Na₂WO₄ṡ2H₂O was compared with the sodium molybdate Na₂MoO₄ṡ2H₂O. The infrared and the X-ray diffraction obtained in the 80-300 K suggest that both crystals have undergone conformational changes connected with an increase in the Raman intensity of NaO₆ modes and the libration modes of water molecules at about 100-120 K. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy measurements of Na₂WO₄ṡ2H₂O under hydrostatic pressure (from 0 to 5 GPa) were performed. The pressure-dependent studies indicate the starting orthorhombic structure is stable in the 0.0-3.2 GPa pressure range, and undergoes a phase transition at about 3.9 GPa, associated with rotation of WO4-2 units.

 

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Diabetes mellitus leads to bone disorders such as osteopenia and osteoporosis that can increase fracture risk. On the other hand, sodium tungstate is an inorganic compound which exerts anti-diabetic activity in experimental studies due to its suggested insulin-mimetic or antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was designed to investigate the effect of tungstate on bone quality in diabetic rat femurs. The rats were divided into four groups: Control (C), tungstate-treated control (C+Tung), diabetes (STZ-D) and tungstate-treated diabetes (STZ-D+Tung). Diabetes mellitus was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The treated rats received 150 mg/kg/day of sodium tungstate for 12 weeks. Sodium tungstate achieved a little (17%) but significant reduction on blood glucose levels, while it didn't recover the reduced body weights of diabetic rats. In addition, impaired bone mechanical quality was reversed, despite the unchanged mineral density. Sodium tungstate administration significantly lowered the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and restored the activity of tissue antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in diabetic rats. On the other hand, glutathione levels didn't change in either case. These findings indicate that tungstate can improve the reduced mechanical quality of diabetic rat femurs due probably to reduction of reactive oxygen species and modulation of antioxidant enzymes as well as reduction in blood glucose levels.

 

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