There are 10 types of tungsten ore deposits in South China: granite, porphyry, volcanic, pegmatite, skarn, greisen, wolframite-quartz ± microcline veins, stratabound, ferberite-quartz veins and placer. Most are chronologically related to Yenshanian granites. Integrated field, mineralogic, fluid inclusion and geochemical studies were undertaken to determine the characteristics and origin of the ores.

Most of the tungsten ore deposits are also spatially related to Yenshanian granites. These granites include several intrusions, isotopically dated at 160–180 m. y. and 70–100 m. y. The concentration of trace elements, especially W Mo, Sn, Ta, Nb, Li, and F are relatively high in the granites. In the granites of South China, the average WO₃ is 4.35 ppm, but in Yenshanian granites, which are the youngest of these, the average WO3 is 5.16 ppm. In the youngest of Yenshanian granites, a light mica-albite granite has been identified, whose average WO₃ is as high as 242.3 ppm. From this line of evidence, the tungsten ore deposits in South China are considered to be genetically related to Yenshanian granites.

Wolframite-sulfide-quartz veins and scheelite skarns provide the bulk of the reserves and production. There are many different kinds of alteration associated with the different tungsten ore deposits, but the principal ones are silicification, greisenization, potash-feldspathization and chloritization.

 

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Preparing a fibrous structure of tungsten copper contact materials --- tungsten fibers (having a certain directionality) instead of tungsten powder, by two-dimensional weaving method, leaving a small amount of copper for the induction of copper, fiber and copper tungsten blank stack together, then place them in a vacuum sintering furnace for infiltration sintering, then fibrous tungsten can be obtained.
The diameter of sample 1 is 0.12mm, who is the fiber structure; sample 2 is WCu30 sintering by mixed powder; sizes of the two samples are 10mm * 10mm * 10mm.

Carry out arc erosion experiments by using TDR-40A vacuum single-crystal furnace, pure tungsten is anode, cathode is tungsten fibers after polishing, place the two electrodes in a vacuum chamber, placement: next anode, a cathode on. The voltage is 7400V; the maximum current is 80A. Anode move with 0.2mm / min speed to the cathode until the arc discharge, discharge waveforms recorded with an oscilloscope, and then transport to a computer. Wait until the release is finished, the cathode move up, in every arc 10 times, the samples were removed, using an accuracy of 0.1mg electronic balance measures the sample weight loss, repeat the above steps, each sample 50 times.

 

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Points of Ce and CeO₂ effect on tungsten copper points’ properties can be seen in the following:

1. Effect of Ce and CeO₂ on contact material’s tissue distribution
To make contact material’s tissue distribution more uniform, adding a certain ratio of the two rare earth materials, Ce or CeO₂, can achieve the effect, and it can also improve the material properties.
2. Effect of Ce and CeO₂ on contact material’s hardness and density
To improve contact material’s hardness and density, the additive element Ce, whose optimal amount is 3%, can improve its density and hardness, and its properties are better than adding CeO₂.
3. Effect of Ce and CeO₂ on contact material’s electrical conductivity
Contact material’s electrical conductivity will be improved with the increase of Ce content, and its trend is obvious when Ce ratio is less than 3%. Its conductivity will decrease as the addition is more than 3 %.
In a word, compare with CeO_2, the properties of tungsten copper points with Ce are much better.

 

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The purity of copper will directly affect the overall performance of tungsten copper contacts, therefore, a preferred method should be used for the preparation of copper, which described in this article is the method of electrolytic copper pyrometallurgy.
Raw materials: copper sulphide concentrate
Process for preparation copper of tungsten copper contacts by electrolytic copper pyrometallurgy method is "sintering → smelting → blowing → refining", which can prepare the copper with the purity of more than 99.99%.
Sintering: removing some or all of concentrate sulfur, at the same time removing a portion of arsenic, antimony and other volatile impurities.
Smelting: make partial iron oxide in copper concentrate roasting or sintering ore and remove gangue, flux and other slag, to output copper matte with higher copper.
Blowing: blowing matte at high temperatures and oxidizing environments, further eliminate sulfur, iron and other impurities, the product is an intermediate product of blister copper, copper content is from 98% to 99%, precious metals is also entering the blister copper.
Refining: under high temperature conditions, further refining and eliminating copper impurities obtained by blowing, to get anode copper or copper anode plate for electrolysis.
Copper using electrolytic copper pyrometallurgy method to prepare, own high purity and free of impurities, the disadvantage is that its process is complex, with high energy consumption and higher cost.

 

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Ce/ CeO₂ effect on tungsten copper contacts performance are mainly shown in the following points:

1. Effect of rare earth (Ce) and rare earth oxide (CeO₂) on organization distribution of contact material
Add one of the two rare earth materials (Ce/ CeO₂) can enable organization distribution of tungsten copper contacts material distribution more uniform. Especially change the distribution of copper, which also play a role in improving the material properties.

2. Effect of rare earth (Ce) and rare earth oxide (CeO₂) on hardness and density of contact material
Add rare earth elemental Ce (optimal concentration is of 3%) to tungsten copper material, which can make its hardness, density and other properties improved, and its properties is better than adding rare earth oxide (CeO₂).

3. Effect of rare earth (Ce) and rare earth oxide (CeO₂) on the electrical conductivity of contact material
Add rare earth elemental (Ce) to tungsten copper contacts material, its electrical conductivity will increase with the increasing amount of Ce and by a big margin when the amount of Ce is less than 3%. After the addition is more than 3 %, its conductivity decreases.Add the conductivity of rare earth oxide (CeO₂) of the contact material with the added amount of the increases.
All in all, the mechanical properties of W20Cu80 by adding Ce are much better than adding CeO₂.

 

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The advantages of tungsten carbide button include that using HIP sintering for minimizing the porosity of carbide blank for increasing the transverse rupture strength (TRS). And comparing with other similar products it is more suitable for high quality requirement of making carbide buttons to be used in high pressure and speed DTH Drilling. Owing to its good wearing resistance,tungsten carbide button bits are widely applied to oil filed drilling and snow removal, snow plow equipments simultaneously. In addition, the series of tungsten caribide buttons have a long cycle of deactivation and the sustainability of drill bits is 4~5 longer than others in the same diameter, which not only saves working hours and labor force, but also accelerate the project.

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According to the different oil-field drilling machinery such as roller cone bits, drifter bits,DTH bits, geotechnical drilling tools, button is divided into different standard styles : P type flat-top bits, X type wedge bits,Z type coin-spherical bits.

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Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbite) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder,but it can be pressed and formed into shapes for use in industrial, machinery, cutting tools, abrasives, armor-piecing rounds, other tools and instruments, and jewelry.Tungsten carbide button are also called tungsten carbide mining bits, tungsten carbide button bits or just tungsten carbide mining buttons, etc. They are made of cemented carbide, which is heat-resisting, good wearing resistance and corrosion-resisting so that it is the best choice among the users of coal cutter drilling, mining and road maintenance, etc. 

Most of this tungsten carbide wear parts and the mining tools are made of straight WC-Co hard metals without any addition of other carbides. Fine and ultrafine grained WC hard metals have become more and more significant today in the field of wearing parts, tools for chipless forming and cutting tools for cast iron, non ferrous alloys and wood.

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Tungsten carbide drill bits are made to be used on modern machining centers. These drill bits are manufactured with fine-grain carbide and titanium aluminum nitride coatings to provide long tool life. As self-centering drills, they have a specially designed edge that helps to control chips and chip evacuation in most materials. The self-centering geometry and fine tolerances of solid-carbide drills ensure quality holes without additional machining.

Tungsten carbide drills that have exchangeable tungsten carbide tips incorporate a steel body with the exchangeable tips that are known as crowns. These tools offer the precision of brazed drills, and offer increased productivity at reduced operating costs. The carbide crowns used with this new generation of drilling tools are available in precise size increments and have a self-centering geometry to produce close diameter tolerances. And they can be divided into some types, such as CP (flat button), CB (special wedge button), CS (spoon-like button), CE (wedge button). CZ (tapered button), CQ (spherical button).

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Tungsten carbide drills are widely used in some mining bits or blinder drills, which for coal cutter drilling, mining and road maintenance. In 1980s, China has focused on the research and development of tungsten carbide buttons. Since the late of 1990’s, tungsten carbide button are making great progress in quality and quantities in China. And the large-scale manufactures has been arising in some place, such as Lianhuashan, Sanshan, etc. In addition, with the multi-functional development of blinder drills, and the new equipments and technology foreign enterprise bring, the requirement of tungsten carbide button related will be increasing.

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