Though some materials such as carbon steel or stainless steel, as well as in situations where other tools would wear away, such as high-quantity production run. Most of the time, carbide will leave a better finish on the part, and allow faster machining. In addition, Carbide tools can also wear high temperature than standard high speed steel tools.

Cemented carbides are composed of metal matrix composite where carbide particles act as the aggregate and a metallic binder serves as the matrix. The process of combining the carbide particles with the blinder is referred to as sintering or hot isostatic pressing (HIP). During this process the blinder eventually will be entering the liquid stage and carbide grains remain in the solid stage. As a result of this process the blinder is cementing the carbide grains and thereby creates the metal matrix composite with its distinct material.

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Phosphotungstic sodium is a white fine crystal and English alias is phosphowolframate. Its physical properties are as follows: chemical formula: Na3PO4.12WO3.xH2O, solubility: easily soluble in water, flammability: non-flammable, CAS registry number: 51312-42-6, UN registry number: 3086. Besides. phosohotungstate sodium has toxicity and oxidability, which is a strong oxidizing agent and oxidation will break down into phosphorus oxides and phosphine. And combustion will generate toxic sodium oxide and phosphorus oxide. Therefore it should be sealed and stored in a dry place and to avoid fire sources. On the other hand its has some irritation for people, but also have a certain impact on the environment and water bodies, and therefore the operating staff to be equipped with certain security measures, and not emission the material into water to cause pollution. Phosphorus tungstate is mainly used in the produce pigment and used as alkaloids, uric acid and potassium assay reagents.
Sodium phosphate tungsten producing methods are as follows:
1. Putting disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium tungstate dissolved in water, then adding concentrated hydrochloric acid after crystalline to obtain it.
2. Using tungsten acid and sodium dihydrogen phosphate as raw material by hydrothermal to produce.

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Cricket is a popular tungsten dart game rule, let’s learn the details about Cricket！

Number of Players: Two individual players or two teams.
 
Numbers in Play: 20,19,18,17,16,15, and bull's-eye.
 
The objective shall be to 'own'/'close' certain numbers on the dartboard, and to achieve the highest point score. The player/team to do so first, shall be the winner.
 
Each player/team shall take turns throwing. (Three darts in succession shall constitute a 'turn'/'Inning'.)
 
To close an inning, the player/team must score three of a number. This can be accomplished with three singles, a single and a double, or a triple.
 
Once a player/team scores three of a number, it is 'owned' by that player/team. Once both players/teams have scored three of a number, it is 'closed', and no further scoring can be accomplished on that number by either player/team.
 
To close the bull’s eye, the outer bull counts as a single, and the inner bull counts as a double.
 
Once a player/team closes an inning, he/they may score points on that number until the opponent also closes that inning. All numerical scores shall be added to the previous balance.
 
Numbers can be 'owned' or 'closed' in any order desired by the individual player/team. Calling your shot is not required.

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For the purpose of 'owning' a number, the double and triple ring shall count as 2 or 3, respectively. Three marks will close an inning.
 
After a number is 'owned' by a team, the double and triple ring shall count as 2 or 3 times the numerical values, respectively. Winning the game:
 
a. The player/team that closes all innings first and has the most
   points, shall be declared the winner.
b. If both sides are tied on points, or have no points, the first
   player/team to close all innings shall be the winner.
c. If a player/team closes all innings first, and is behind in points,
   he/they must continue to score on any innings not closed until
   either the point deficit is made up, or the opponent has closed
   all innings.
 
It shall be the responsibility of the player to verify his score before removing his darts from the dartboard. The score remains as written if one or more darts has been removed from the dartboard. In accordance with the inherent "strategy" involved in the Cricket game, no alterations in score shall be allowed, after the fact.

 

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Radiation is an effective tool within medicine for both diagnostics and treatment of patients. Techniques such as SPECT and PET utilise radioactive materials injected into the patient, which are then monitored by gamma cameras (SPECT) or scanners (PET) to detect the presence of tumours in the body. Due to tungsten has high density, excellent radiation attenuation properties, and environmental friendly, it is widely used to produce tungsten PET syringe shield.

Tungsten PET syringe shield magnetically docks with the PET dispensing pig. Designed to accept 3cc and 5cc B-D syringes, tungsten syringe shield places the needle inside the vial septum when engaged; the external calibration rod allows the precise volume to be withdrawn without a leaded glass viewing port, where high exposure levels cannot be adequately shielded.

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Tungsten multileaf collimator (MCL) consists of dozens of independently moving tungsten slats, or tungsten leaves, which can collimate the beam into nearly arbitrary shapes. Multileaf collimators were first introduced in the 1960's in Japan as a means of replacing conventional blocks in 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT). Today tungsten multileaf collimators are standard on most therapy linacs and enable modern techniques based on intensity modulation.

Key advantages of tungsten multileaf collimators include:

• Dynamic movement of tungsten leaves during delivery allows for intensity modulated fluence patterns not achievable with conventional blocks.
• Finite set of possible aperture shapes results in a reasonable solution space for inverse planning optimization for IMRT, VMAT, etc.
• Significantly more convenient than cutting custom blocks for every field.

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Tungsten is an extremely dense metal, heavier than lead for the same size item. Tungsten darts are considerably more dense than brass or nickel/silver darts.

Higher density materials result in darts with smaller diameter, better "feel", and tighter possible groups on the dartboard. Tungsten is also very durable, so the machined grip will not wear down as rapidly as on brass or nickel/silver darts.

Tungsten is also very durable, so a high-density tungsten dart resists wear and the grip will last much longer. On softer metal darts, the grooves and rough knurling may wear down fairly quickly from skin acid, friction, and hitting other darts.

The billets that tungsten darts are made from consist of a variety of metals, including tungsten. To manufacture the blanks for machining tungsten darts, tungsten powder and other metals are blended and bonded by heat and pressure, resulting in a "sintered" material that we refer to as nickel-tungsten (or copper-tungsten, etc.) Common materials include tungsten, nickel, copper, and iron. The exact mix of materials varies considerably from one company to another, based on their requirements for density, cost, and ease of machining.

Tungsten darts cost more for several reasons: The metal is expensive, and since it is very dense, tungsten requires more effort to fabricate into darts.

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There are 4 general categories of tungsten darts.

1.   50% to 70% Tungsten (commonly sold at discount stores)
2.   80% Tungsten (popular with new league players)
3.   90% Tungsten (high density, will hold up well, feel better to throw.)
4.   95% to 98% Tungsten (high density, thinner, resist wear, feel better to throw. However, slightly more likely to break.)

Discount outlets often sell low-density Tungsten darts without specifying the percentage of Tungsten content, but just say "Tungsten Darts". Looking for the percentage of tungsten on the packaging, a higher number means that the dart is more dense, and generally better quality.

Tungsten prices have gone up in recent years, raising the price of quality darts sets. However, in order to offer "bargain" prices, many sporting good stores & discount outlets now sell cheap "Tungsten Darts" that actually contain only a tiny trace of tungsten in them. Many of these cheap sets are about the same density as brass (or less), but cost quite a bit more. Always look for the percentage of tungsten on the package, and buy from a reliable vendor.

There are also a small number of copper-tungsten darts available. This is a much softer material, with about 70% Tungsten content. They are generally less expensive than Nickel-Tungsten darts. Some darters, especially old-timers, like the grip of these darts as the metal surface develops microscopic pits after they have been thrown for awhile. Copper tungsten darts have become much less common in recent years, with Nickel/Tungsten darts becoming the primary type of high-density darts.

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Factors on tungsten copper points also include tungsten powder particle size, applications, current properties and so on. The detail can be seen as following.
3. Tungsten powder particle size. The anti-arc erosion property of tungsten copper points is not so well if thicker/thinner tungsten powders are used for the preparation of points’ material. However, if fine powder and coarse powder are mixed, at a proper proportion, then tungsten copper points’ properties will be relatively better. The Do’s and Don’ts: According to the components of points’ materials, the mixing ratio of powder is different.
4. Applications. There are experimental results showing that points with different components have their own optimal application situations for different applications. For example, the property of points materials’ anti-arc erosion is best when they are applied in air or a vacuum switch, its ratio is tungsten (90): copper (10).
5. Current performance. Points’ on and off process would bring about different transient performances when the current with different properties; but its value will maintain constant after being determined.
6. Breaking speed of points and early pressure.

 

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Factors of structure size and manufacturing processes on tungsten copper points are:

1. Structure size. Tungsten copper points’ anti-arc ablation properties can be enhanced theoretically if its structure size is larger, because of its dispersed use of energy. In a practical application, the size can not practice due to the limitation of electrical switch structure size. Some research institution has done a lot of study recently on modified points, such as, hollow points, plug-in points and so on. These research achievements can accelerate the speed of heet dissipation and maintain contact after ablation in a good state.

2. Manufacturing processes. In order to prolong points’ life, foreign countries have employed more advanced technology, such as, sintering rolling process, fiber-reinforced and arc melting method for preparing points in recent years. However, for the application of these new processes, China is still in the laboratory stage. And now Chinese manufactures are commonly using infiltration technology for the preparation of tungsten copper points.

 

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