Hydrogen is a clean energy and does not cause any harm to the environment. The earth is rich in water and low in price. Sunlight is an ideal way to convert solar energy into chemical energy.

Tungsten trioxide and its hydrated oxides are important n-type semiconductor materials with a band gap between 2.4 and 2.8 eV. They have excellent physicochemical properties and unique electrocatalytic activity, and are applied in the fields of electrochromic, gas sensing, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis.

Photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) decompose water to produce hydrogen by converting solar energy into chemical energy. It is considered to be one of the most important ways to obtain energy by replacing fossil energy, and it has received widespread attention. Finding a semiconductor material with potential applications through various methods is an important research direction in this field.

1. Solution to the wear of abrasive particle

When there is no other failure mechanism which plays an important role, the lifetime of bits depends on the wear state of the tungsten carbide button. The service life of the bits can be extended by improving the wear resistance of buttons appropriately. In addition, the wear resistance of the side button should be higher than that of middle button. 

Electrochromism refers to the reversible change in light transmittance and/or reflectance associated with an electrochemical redox reaction after the material is applied with an appropriate voltage. Applications of electrochromic devices include: smart windows for cars and buildings, controllable light reflection or light transmissive display devices (for optical information and storage), controllable aircraft canopies, reusable price tags, spacecraft Thermal control and more.

The tungsten trioxide film can be colored by irradiation of light of an appropriate energy. When the tungsten trioxide film is irradiated by light, electrons e- and electron holes h+ are generated, and photogenerated electrons enter the conduction band of the tungsten trioxide. The photo-generated electron holes react with the adsorbed water on the surface of the film to form H+, and then diffuse to the center of tungsten trioxide, thus leads to a difficulty in color change.

Tungsten bronze has photochromic properties and can be applied to building windows films and automotive insulation films (smart glass). However, there are currently few studies on this.

Tungsten trioxide is an inorganic electrochromic material with excellent electrochromic properties. Electrochromism refers to the phenomenon that the optical properties of a material undergo a reversible change under the action of an applied electric field, and the appearance is a reversible change in color and transparency.

Tungsten trioxide (WO₃) is an important n-type semiconductor oxide with a variety of crystal structures. It has been extensively studied due to its unique physical and chemical properties, and has been used in electrochromism, photochromism, catalysts, and sensing materials. In order to further utilize the excellent properties of WO₃ and broaden its application fields, one technical approach is to reduce its grain size, namely nanostructured tungsten oxide.

Tungsten oxide is a transition metal oxide n-type semiconductor. Traditionally, tungsten oxide is applied in catalysts, electrochromism, battery electrodes, solar absorbing materials and radar absorbing materials (RAM). In recent years, scientists have focused on its applications as semiconductor materials such as heat-sensitive, pressure-sensitive and gas-sensitive material. The characteristics and applications of tungsten oxide nanocrystalline films in gas sensors, photocatalysis, photoconductivity, etc. are attracting more and more attentions, especially in the field of oxide semiconductor gas sensor applications, tungsten oxide-based material has been considered as one of the most promising new gas sensing materials for detecting NOx, SOx, NH3, H2S and, etc.