In part 1 we know that Tungsten carbide reamer is a kind of rotary cutting tool for metalworking used to enlarge a hole previously drilled and there are many types including adjustable hand reamer, straight reamer, hand reamer, etc. And here we reveal the construction of tungsten carbide reamer.

Reamer construction

A typical tungsten carbide reamer consists of a set of parallel straight or helical cutting edges along the length of a cylindrical body. Each cutting edge is ground at a slight angle and with a slight undercut below the cutting edge. Reamers must combine both hardness in the cutting edges, for long life, and toughness, so that the tool does not fail under the normal forces of use. They should only be used to remove small amounts of material. This ensures a long life for the reamer and a superior finish to the hole.

The spiral may be clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on usage. For example, a tapered hand reamer with a clockwise spiral will tend to self feed as it is used, possibly leading to a wedging action and consequent breakage. A counter-clockwise spiral is therefore preferred even though the reamer is still turned in the clockwise direction.

For production machine tools, the shank type is usually one of the following: a standard taper (such as Morse or Brown & Sharpe), a straight round shank to be held by a collet, or a straight round shank with a flat for a set screw, to be held by a solid tool holder. For hand tools, the shank end is usually a square drive, intended for use with the same type of wrench used to turn a tap for the cutting of screw threads.

(To be continued. This article is divided into several parts and this is part 2, for part 1 please refer to http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79455-ti-10165)

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Tungsten carbide reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metal working. Precision tungsten carbide reamers are designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides. There are also non-precision carbide reamers which are used for more basic enlargement of holes or for removing burrs. The process of enlarging the hole is called reaming. There are many different types of reamer and they may be designed for use as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill press.

In this Article we will first talk about the construction of tungsten carbide reamers and then explain the different function of tungsten carbide reamers and drills in making holes to their sizes. And moreover, we will list the types of reamers accompanied with their respective features and functions, and at last ends with the applications of reamers. These types of reamers include adjustable hand reamer, straight reamer, hand reamer, machine reamer, rose reamer, shell reamer, tapered reamer, morse tapered reamer, combination reamer, and tapered reamer (non-precision) and at last end

(To be continued. This article is divided into several parts and this is part 1, for part 2 please refer to http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79457-ti-10166)

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Besides graphite, copper, and Cu-based alloy, Cu-based composite material, diamond is also a common kind of material of electrode. However, due to the cost of diamond is much higher than graphite and the size is limited, there are some scientists do researches about that.

4. Diamond

CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) diamond, which mixed by carbon-containing gas and oxygen was excitation-decomposition under the low standard atmospheric pressure, and come into active diamond carbon atoms. They deposit at the matrix and grow up to polycrystalline diamond (or monocrystalline diamond, mono like diamond).

In order to make it have the same properties of tungsten copper (such as conductivity, electrical resistance), researchers add boron (B) during CVD, which has excellent adsorption to oil medium in electrical discharge machining (EDM). CVD diamond has high MRR (Material Removal Rate) and low wastage of electrode, especially it can work in high current density under certain condition, which Cu, graphite and tungsten copper is unavailable.

In addition, there is another kind of PCD (polycrystalline diamond), which has similarities with CVD diamond and its cost is lower than CVD diamond so that it is a kind of ideal material for electrode.

More information about tungsten copper electrode and other materials comparison, click here:

http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79286-ti-10093 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79316-ti-10129 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79338-ti-10130 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79339-ti-10131 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79397-ti-10135 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79398-ti-10136 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79428-ti-10137

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Besides graphite, copper, and Cu-based alloy, Cu-based composite material is also a kind of common materials of electrode.

3. Cu-based Composite Material

Cu-based composite electrode has good conductivity and thermo-plasticity and use air and water as medium, which usually for EDM or polishing. It is composed of 60%-65% solid carbon material (such as graphite powder, graphite slices or carbon nano-tubes and other mixture) distributes thermoplastic matrix and soften over and over again for molding. Compared with graphite and tungsten copper electrode, it has many advantages, like low cost, available for complicated shape and better efficiency, etc.

However, due to its density is much lower than tungsten copper, the electrical resistivity is higher and the wastage of electrode is increasing. This composite material is under development, which requires that low electrical resistivity, low coefficient of expansion, thermal cycling resistance, excellent conductivity and good dimensional stability in liquid.












 

More information about tungsten copper electrode and other materials comparison, click here:

http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79286-ti-10093 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79316-ti-10129 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79338-ti-10130 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79339-ti-10131 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79397-ti-10135 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79398-ti-10136

Tungsten Copper Manufacturer & Supplier: Chinatungsten Online - http://www.tungsten-copper.com/
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Tungsten alloy can be used for bullets or pellets in various military applications such as pellets used inside a shotgun shell. Lead shot and bullets have been banned in many areas bullet head tungsten alloy military fittings.

Because of the environmental concerns. The main substitute materials are steel, bismuth and tungsten. The main advantages of tungsten military sphere that is used as pellet is that it is very dense, and very hard. The density allows the pellets to travel longer distances without loosing energy, while the hardness allows the pellets to keep their shape while being accelerated by the powder charge, which increases the muzzle velocity.

Tungsten alloy spheres are also used in hand grenade, armor piercing projectile, prefabricated fragments. Tungsten military sphere is small in volume and very dense. Allowing them to penetrate armor and damage targets. Tungsten alloy has been used in missile weapons, armor piercing ammunition, tungsten alloy bullet, shrapnel head, core for armor-piercing bullet measurement, kinetic energy penetrators, armor and shells.

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In part 8 we know that the life of tungsten carbide cutters is determined by many factors of which one is the tungsten carbide grade which means different carbide composition and physical properties and when we meet with different failure modes different grades might be considered to be used. In this part we go on talking about which tungsten carbide grade shall we choose when we meet with a concrete failure mode. Here is another table for clearer explanation.

 (The end. This article is divided into 9 parts and this is part 9, for part 8 please refer to http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79412-ti-10158)

Tungsten Carbide Manufacturer & Supplier: Chinatungsten Online - http://www.tungsten-carbide.com.cn
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In part 7 we know that adhesion wear happens when tungsten carbide cutter surface rubs with another high-pointed contact surface under certain excessive friction and pressure, and with temperature increased the carbide surface is plastically deformed, penetrated by high points and result in material loss. In this part we will talk about which tungsten carbide grade shall we choose when we meet with a concrete failure mode.

The useful life of a tungsten carbide cutter is determined by many factors. These include the composition and properties of the carbide, the geometry of the carbide component, the design of the assembly, and the chemical, physical, and mechanical environments in which the carbide operates. Changes in any of these factors can produce an associated increase or decrease in service life. The chart below considers only one of these elements – the tungsten carbide grade. Here is a table for clearer explanation.

 (To be continued. This article is divided into 9 parts and this is part 8, for part 7 please refer to http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79387-ti-10153; for part 9 please refer to http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79413-ti-10159)

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Tungsten polymers are used to produce catheters and other devices that are inserted into the body for diagnostic or interventional procedures are commonly filled with substances opaque to x-rays, thereby rendering the devices visible under fluoroscopy or x-ray imaging. These fillers, or radiopacifiers—tungsten(typically dense metal powders)—affect the energy attenuation of photons in an x-ray beam as it passes through matter, reducing the intensity of the photons by absorbing or deflecting them, could be a suitable material for X-ray absorption for many radioan facilities especially medical devices. Because these materials exhibit a higher attenuation coefficient than soft tissue or bone, they appear lighter on a fluoroscope or x-ray film. This visibility provides the contrast needed to accurately position the device in the affected area. Image contrast and sharpness can be varied by the type and amount of radiopacifier used, and can be tailored to the specific application of the device.

For example, a device designed for use near the surface of the skin requires less radiopaque filler to achieve the required level of attenuation compared with one used inside the coronary vasculature. Device design is also a factor: a higher loading of radiopaque material, for instance, is needed for thin-wall catheter tubing than for products with thicker walls. Generally, compounds should contain only the amount of additives absolutely required for the application, since overloading can result in the loss of the polymer's mechanical properties. Blending together several radiopaque materials can produce better results than using only one type in a formulation.

Among the most widely used radiopacifiers for medical devices are barium sulfate, bismuth compounds, and tungsten—metals that are excellent absorbers of x-rays. Selection of the correct fillers in the proper amount requires a thorough understanding of attenuation and how it is affected by various radiopaque compounds. This article discusses those radiopaque fillers commonly used with medical-grade thermoplastic polymers and the factors involved in their selection.

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An x-ray machine, like that used in a doctor's or a dentist's office, is really very simple, but inside the machine is an x-ray tube, then X-rays come from that. An electron gun inside the tube shoots high energy electrons at a target made of heavy atoms, such as tungsten material. X-rays come out because of atomic processes induced by the energetic electrons shot at the target, but tungsten material has good radiation protection ability as its high density raging from 17.0~18.5g/cm3.

As we know, X-ray production whenever electrons of high energy strike a heavy metal target, such as tungsten target. When electrons hit this material, some of the electrons will approach the nucleus of the metal atoms where they are deflected because of there opposite charges (electrons are negative and the nucleus is positive, so the electrons are attracted to the nucleus). This deflection causes the energy of the electron to decrease, and this decrease in energy then results in forming an x-ray, finally reach the wonderful radiation shielding protection.

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In another experiment, researchers use copper (Cu), tungsten (W) and tungsten copper (Cu-W) as electrode for tungsten carbide machining. The result shows that tungsten copper (Cu-W) can remarkably improve the machining efficiency. What’s more, the wastage of electrode is lower under the low voltage so that Cu-W is the most ideal material for tungsten carbide machining. In addition, the researchers also use different content of Cu and ZrB₂ or TiSi as electrode for EDM by PM (Powder Metallurgy). Compared with graphite, copper and tungsten copper, TiSi/Cu has higher wastage of electrode, the machining surface is rough and the efficiency is not so well so that it is not suitable used as electrode. While ZrB₂/Cu can be used as electrode, but the combining power between Cu-base and ZrB₂ is weak, and the content of ZrB₂ will has an effect on EDM properties.












 

More information about tungsten copper electrode and other materials comparison, click here:

http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79286-ti-10093 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79316-ti-10129 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79338-ti-10130 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79339-ti-10131 
http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/79397-ti-10135

Tungsten Copper Manufacturer & Supplier: Chinatungsten Online - http://www.tungsten-copper.com/
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