WTO announced the United States, European Union, Japan against China rare earth, tungsten, molybdenum export management measures related to the case of the panel report , ruled that the export control measures Chinese products involved violations. This means that China 's export quota management system over the years , or will be forced to cancel.

In accordance with World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations , as well as 60 days to appeal the case of time , the Appellate Body to make a decision within three months. Thus , China has had time to respond to follow-up .

The case is not good news for China , some people worried that after the rare earth export quotas , Chinese rare earth companies will compete to reproduce cachexia , rare earth prices become " loess price ." This is the United States and Europe and other markets want to see the picture.

In fact , as long as the rare earth prices in line with market rules, China is not specifically on the rare earth export quota system realization . But misreading of the international community , United States and Europe market trading habits of rare earth elements outside of reading too much . They monopoly grounds of China 's rare earth resources , especially from heavy rare earth resources indispensable technology in the aerospace industry in the way , the Chinese rare earth export quota system restricting his country considered China a strategic tool .

These , aired in the United States political drama " house of cards " in the second quarter , most vividly , Chinese businessmen and trade rare U.S. capital oligarchy to become the White House , " one , two" infighting in the main line. In addition, Japan's rare earth export quota system , but also anxiety , and even massive undersea discovery of rare earth mine, China carried out falsehoods media war .

China to protect its rare earth resources, even as a means of safeguarding the interests of , there is no reason . In the United States , its rich oil and gas resources are not long-term development, and more than willing to wage war in order to maintain strategic dominance in the Middle East , in the United States to maintain sufficient to explain their position as a global power in the political, economic , diplomatic and resources other aspects of the budget-conscious . China to protect its rare earth resources, and is under the framework of the WTO safeguard national interests through normal trade means , of course, no problem.

Realism in international relations , whether political or diplomatic and trade relations and interests of the game in prime position. In the interest of maximizing competition, if the political and diplomatic depend on the overall strength of the competition ; trade war will depend on the skill game WTO rules , as a new member of the WTO, the face of United States and Europe and other trade veteran , China is clearly not as good as they navigate .

As a trading nation, China and the United States and Europe frequently these years other countries in the WTO blows , accumulated experience in the trade war . For China, the victory has become standard issue . Hardships for the worst , Chinese growth in goods trade war in the first trading nation ; services in order to become the first trading power , the future of trade against the respondent still a long way .

Discuss the case against China Rare Earth , only to be relieved and have faith. First, China 's rare earth export quotas have played a role in the market and outside bar drinking . Externally, a burst of panic and prosecute international market proved reserves of rare earth big country as China trade power in the global trade. Internally, prompting those rare extensive low-end business transformation and upgrading , making the country along the path of development and orderly regulation . Secondly , fit the national strategy Chinese ecological civilization , the deterioration in the rare earth industry to compete under the chaos like , not only export prices infighting so that foreign profits , and indiscriminate digging , but also cause high energy consumption, high pollution and overcapacity , which is China moment typically need governance "industrial disease ." Chinese rare earth export quotas for foreign trade environment seems essentially internal spawned industry consolidation , and to some extent, protect the rare earth resources, conservation of the natural environment.

Even if the West does not appeal , China's rare earth export quota system also completed a mission. According to statistics, in 2013 China's rare earth export quota is 24,000 tons , 23,000 tons less than the actual exports , exports only amount to $ 603 million . The biggest problem of China's rare earth industry is a multi- stock , supply and demand imbalance in the market , prices fell bigger. If the increase in exports with the United States and Europe may be able to digest part of the day the stock market , so that the bad living conditions can be a little bit angry rare earth industry . Other than the need to save the domestic market surplus , perhaps China wins against alternative harvest the fruit .

China appeals may not be the best choice. It is important for China to keep China's important rare earth resources, through industry consolidation , technology updates and tax initiatives to make extensive , disorder , intensive production of rare earth industry waste , improve resource utilization and market competitiveness. Under the premise of ensuring national strategic needs , the formation of a unified foreign pricing, to achieve the highest export profits. Be noted that greater efforts to combat the smuggling of rare earth , rare earth blocking the inflow of illegal cheap foreign markets loopholes more urgent.


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U.S., EU, Japan sued China rare earth, tungsten, molybdenum export restrictions , China has put forward " protecting the environment " is a very Western way of saying to the defense , and the final stand of the U.S. side of the WTO . WTO ( World Trade Organization ) ruled against China . British " Financial Times" said, " This is a major victory for the U.S. , EU and Japan made ​​", while Japanese media is unashamedly commented , "China 's strategy failed completely ." Indeed , China's rare earth export restrictions has once again been cut violations, gave a great deal of good in Europe and America and other countries, this is the entry point , China's exports of strategic resource management system may face shocks.

In accordance with the usual Western view, the development of high-tech is a rare indispensable strategic resource , from smart phones to missile guidance are inseparable "industrial vitamins ." But over the years, China has to account for only 23 percent of the world's total reserves reserve supply 95% of the world 's rare earth production , not only low prices was like " selling gold potatoes price" , there is a huge environmental cost to pay . When China began to realize that the problem is serious restrictions of rare earth exports , the United States and Japan has shown impatience , one after another to say "no ."

Why WTO restrictions on U.S. and European strategic resource policy blind - Europe and the United States understands the road win . In general, WTO members must comply with the freedom of trade , the treatment of undifferentiated rules. But in terms of Section 21 of the WTO GATT has proposed : Allow members for reasons of national security, as a trade exception handling ( referred to security exceptions ) . It is based on the security exception to the rule , in 1996 , in the United States -led Western countries to develop a " Wassenaar Agreement ", " Wassenaar Agreement " communications mechanism aims to improve conventional weapons and sensitive dual-use transparency items and technology transfer to assist member States regulate the export control laws and regulations, to prevent the proliferation of sensitive items and technologies related . Member States, including the world's major arms-producing and exporting countries , including the United States, Britain , Japan, France, Germany , Russia and other 34 countries.

Ukrainian military in close cooperation , in addition to the transfer of large projects outside the " Varyag" No. This is a landmark in ships, tanks, aircraft power system, especially the engine , the performance of the most prominent. Currently many gas turbine DN/DA-80 Chinese surface ships , including the "Varyag " was included, as well as " Chinese Aegis " destroyers used by the Chinese for the development of Pakistan , " Khalid " Main battle tanks used for diesel engine 6TD-2E, the new generation advanced trainer aircraft used by the Falcons -15 engine AI-222, as well as suitable plateaus helicopter engines are from Ukraine. But Ukraine is also a member of Wagner agreement . Americans may be needed to prevent some of the weapons and ordnance Ukrainian exports to China .

Since China has been excluded under the guidance of the "Wassenaar Agreement " important to master the world of military technology and products developed countries have been severely restricted Chinese imports, " Control List " of scarce resources , advanced technology and equipment. For example, some foreign high-end five-axis machine tools critical software on limiting exports to China , and even the installation site using department also has limitations .

Practice tells us that China should learn from the experience of developed countries , the use of good safety exception WTO rules , the early establishment of strategic resource management and control systems in line with the core interests of our country in order to prevent a similar situation from happening again passive .


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March 26 , WTO ruled that China officially restrictions on exports of rare earths violations, which means rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum exports to protect against the case in the WTO . Although there is little room for the final ruling of the appeal , but in the past almost no final determination to regain the preliminary results of an example . Basically you can say that , due to the flaws in China 's rare earth policy , China to protect its scarce natural resources management efforts through quotas , eventually suffered a crushing defeat in the last .

Our foreign bargaining , they can promote the " China with 23 percent of the global supply of rare earth reserves more than 90% of long-term market demand , China 's contribution is enormous. "But it should realistically acknowledge that China is about 100 million 20 million tons of rare earth reserves , the world's total annual supply of 120,000 tons of market demand just enough to supply around 1000 .

People worry that, by comparison with a very rare public attention , digging endless digging a thousand years , 20,30 years could never dig tungsten ore , molybdenum ore , but almost no one cares .
Rare has been reduced to general resources

Today, many people still remain in China 's rare earth reserves account for 90 % of the world 's old data era ( hereinafter referred all rare earth reserves , according to mine standards to contain reserves of rare earth oxides REO calculations, not ore quality ) . The data itself is not wrong, 30 years ago, China Baotou Bayan Obo found in thousands of tons of rare earth, then in addition to China , other foreign reserves have been found in very small , so China was the world's rare earth reserves account for 90 rare earth reserves have been found %. But , after all, 30 years ago laohuangli , but also to be noted that said here are the light rare earth , according to the prevailing scientific level , few realize that the light rare earth actually distributed widely.

Over time , the world's light rare earth reserves discovered , had less than 20 million tons from thirty years ago , to more than 600 million tons now . China 's reserves have increased several times, but new discoveries outside of China 's rare earth reserves , an increase of a full hundred times or more, the dilution of our accounting . The result is to produce a lot of spreading false things , and " China 's rare earth reserves less and less ", " China 's rare earth resources have dug up two-thirds sold abroad went " category. Actual completely misunderstood .

So China's own reserves to increase the number ? I integrated " world's rare earth economy" , "rare earth information", " Jiangxi Rare Earth communications ," the statistics, since 1985 , China has proven rare earth reserves from less than 15 million tons of light rare earths and heavy rare earth several ten thousand tons , an increase of to the now more than 9100 tons and 2800 tons of light rare earth heavy rare earth , but also a substantial increase in . ( 1997 to 43 million tons in 2001 to 71.3 million tons in 2007 to 91 million tons . ) Has increased over the past few years a new proven reserves of light rare earth more than 2000 tons of heavy rare earth proved reserves of 800 million tons . More than the total Chinese exports of rare earths for decades all add up to a total of more than 25 times .

Perhaps because of confidentiality issues and layers of approval , data released by the department at different levels tend to have a lot of lag. For example , until today in many public data , Fujian Longyan City of heavy rare earths are still 45,900 tons of proven reserves REO, but in fact the end of 2012 , Longyan City Land Resources Bureau revealed that , according to their commission , Fujian Academy of geological formations survey conducted by rare earth reserves , which have a very substantial increase in the rare earth reserves to 1,783,966 tons REO. ( Only this one , the equivalent of all the country's more than 200 times the amount of heavy rare earth mining index year .)

And there is a great possibility of increasing reserves . According to the " Yangcheng Evening News " reported in Guangdong Province in 2012 geological work meeting concluded , Guangdong Geological Survey by the census that year , drawn prospective reserves of heavy rare earths in Guangdong Province , is 931 times the proven reserves !

Chinese light rare earth reserves , now equivalent to the consumption of the world's end in 1000 . Heavy rare earth reserves , but also the equivalent of nearly 1000 terminal is now the world's consumption . Domestic mining enterprises have extreme excess of the maximum mining capacity calculations, even at full capacity in two to three hundred years also dug endless .

In contrast, the Chinese treasure wolframite nearing dry. Even if it is difficult to mix black and white smelting low grade tungsten ore , scheelite , also remaining 1.8 million tons , after a hundred years of mining , the total reserves of Chinese tungsten ore from 5.8 million tons at the most , and continued to decline to now 1.8 million tons , is expected in 20 years will also dig a break. Although there are still 3.4 million tons of molybdenum ore , but also declining , the newly discovered mineral reserves far behind the rate of consumption is expected to deplete in 30 years .
Tungsten, molybdenum not widely use in the industry , the consumption is great, and in the military is also very important. Such treasure strategic resources, not only very few people care , the state also lacks substantive efforts. Rare , especially light rare earths , today , the annual consumption / proved reserves ratio is 1000 , apparently belonging to general resources , not scarce resources. Hard to say which is the scarce resources need to be diminishing quotas to enhance the protection , then losing in the WTO , and not surprisingly it.

Participating countries under the WTO framework is general products that do not restrict exports , only the implementation of conservation policy for scarce resources . Participate in the general product category litigation certainly be lost , and in the course of the appeal , there is little room for maneuver.

But the U.S. and Europe has been successfully bundled them together , the use of rare earths on the flaws , the China Tungsten quota management, molybdenum scarce natural resources of these national efforts , once defeated . To make matters worse , the future of tungsten, molybdenum their true these scarce natural resources on how to protect , do not see someone to pay attention , this is a place worthy of concern .

The key people who did not realized quite a lot. I found that although there are quite a number of commentators understand the WTO in the field of international law , but does not understand mineral resources , still do not know in the end what were relatively rare and . Rare still think that strategic resources are scarce , and tungsten, molybdenum products are only general resources for rare earths was tied sigh , but do not actually know the real victims of tungsten , molybdenum is no concern.

Rare "fake pain" when the

" Japan's lack of resources to buy China 's big XX resources to keep up their buried the sea to prepare for decades of use in the future. "From " Coal "to" rare earth " , this classic XX years, was filled with all sorts of nouns. But if asked specific burial place , operating time, the number of burial , sources of funding , it is a prevarication . The information we have today is not the lack of the times, more than a few will be able to find flaws questioning . " Rare pain " myth, in fact, some experts , the use of readers ( including most government officials ) lack of professional information and advocacy weaknesses together .

Let's dissect under the "rare earth pain" comes from. First, pretend Chinese and foreign are not added proved reserves of rare earth ; then , 90 percent of rare earths by China to account for only 23 percent of the world's proportional change , not to mention the specific reserves data , mistaken for a Chinese rare earth dug over and foreign deposit with no digging , so the proportion of China declined ; next, is preaching , as China's rapid economic development , a variety of new materials, new energy research and development, much of the existing remaining reserves of rare earth , it will be difficult meet the needs of China 's own development. Coming soon become a net importer , we spend only a few times , hundreds of times the money is more likely to be clamped in the strategic western countries ; Finally , naturally concluded that such a treasured resource , is now a large number of cheap exports , depleted, so the threat to the future development of China's own , then of course you want to play the " rare battle " was.

Unfortunately, at the beginning of the wrong, all wrong on the way , the result is of course ridiculously wrong . Since it does not exist , " China 's rare earth reserves decreasing ", " only a small amount of rare earths , not their future use , still cheap cheap" , these conjectures would seem shocking.

So how can the "rare earth pain" ? Can only be called "fake pain" !

Alas, only repeated fabricate "false pain" , will be able to earn billions of billions of real money , and what the hell sustained and healthy development of rare earth industry chain yet. In the face of short-term profits , rare earth "fake pain" when will it!

" Rare Battle" is entirely poles apart

As we all know , the annual consumption / ratio of proven reserves of more than 100 years , generally fall out of the scope of scarce resources , more than 500 years , can be seen as basically almost infinite number of excess resources . Rare , especially light rare earths , the world discovered a few decades ago is not more than the amount of the era , was then regarded as a strategic resource , this is normal.

Exploration results available to more and more today , light rare earth reserves outside of China are enough to supply the world in 5000 , with China , can supply 6000 years. From the facts, just a light rare earth resources in general , rather than scarce resources. Neither the value of specialized security , and no strategic significance of bargaining , but giving others a handle . From the beginning of the establishment of rare earth quotas should not be protected when the light rare earths into the scope of protection.

Is this not scarce in the world can say abundant, while consumption is still meager light rare earth , do not have protection, meaning there is no protection . But in a " Battle of rare earths ," the cheer in victory, got 90 percent of the country 's rare earth investment protection , and the heavy rare earth only got cold leftovers .

Baotou Bayan Obo , for example, was isolated as the associated mine tailings pile into the light rare earths , these reserves are in fact still exist there , piling up for decades . Rare are not snow , melts in the open valley . To state has invested heavily in building the main energy -consuming warehouses , high prices to go into the light rare earth purposely bought a warehouse . Even very light rare earth strategic significance , it is enough black humor . Moreover, the lack of light rare earth reserves actually important strategic value .
The heavy rare earth it? Although its reserves are also more powerful, enough to supply the world in 1000 , but at least for now found a place outside of China is still relatively small , mining costs are much higher than China , China is currently also owns 90% of the proportion of reserves , but also it has a relatively large enough market right words , you can continue to be seen as a strategic resource , but also has strategic value bargaining .

The strange thing is that in the so-called "rare earth Battle ", the light rare earth reserve, but not heavy rare Shouchu .

Chinese rare earth mines

Object heavy rare earth enterprises also became a pit - heavy rare than light rare earths contained more than terbium , dysprosium and other elements , not only does purchasing and storage , has also taken to restrict exports , measures to limit the exploitation of the error . Not to hand over the market share of the international market and strategic control, and loss of market heavy rare earth smelting and separation of the south capacity forced to shut down or reduced majority , but as a byproduct of praseodymium, neodymium production accordingly dropped significantly, to the main producing praseodymium, neodymium Northern light rare earth companies leaving considerable market space, so no need to protect the light rare earth business and earn a money .

Beijing high-level do not necessarily know how much reserves of rare earth in the end , the locals Kaoshanchishan by water draft , how could I do not know the local reserves of rare earth dug one hundred fifty years have dug finish. Mined legally limit the results only for the private mining robbing , smuggling black market open the door .

For example, Ganzhou , Jiangxi pointed out , not without grievances , Ganzhou even stop all exploration work , has proven reserves of rare earth resources in the less heavy enough mined four or five decades , such as by exploration of prospective reserves are mined near Millennium . Hard to say the heavy rare earths is extremely scarce resources must be compressed scale mining , they simply can not explain to the local people have to pass .

Rare Battle purpose is to defend China 's rare earth industry , the actual result is stifled sustained and healthy development of China's rare earth industry . The reason is simple , since there is no case in the future with enough remaining reserves , but the amount is too small Zhichou situation unsold . Then export restrictions , raising the price of rare earth behavior , but let 's expand the amount of rare earth hampered .

There is no doubt that if the amount of the world's rare earth than it is now able to expand tenfold , then China can still be in the case do not worry enough to master the strategic discourse than it is now much larger .

After all , the amount of expanded tenfold , it still only China in 1000 / 6000 in the world , 100 years to become China / Global 600 years , not to mention the place across the country reported in Mineral Exploration , are given a very huge reserves of rare earth prospect estimate the amount of rare earth until reaching expand tenfold year, China's new proven reserves of rare earth there will be tremendous growth.

Guarantee a certain profit and adequate environmental protection investment under the premise of maintaining a relatively low price the upstream , downstream applications of rare earth promote the expansion of China 's rare earth reserves are immense in this country is the long run. And China 's rare earth industry chain throughout the entire industry in order to maximize the benefits and outcomes , rare earth prices will naturally go up .

Deputy Secretary of Jiangxi Rare Earth Society Meng Qingjiang 2010 pointed out that " if the downstream can not afford earth, switch to an alternative product , the use of rare earth backwards, hurt rare earth industry itself. "Unfortunately , this sentence has been fulfilled.

" Rare Battle" raise the price of rare earth , rare earth mining companies are just a few giant Suntory , but high prices for the formation and subsequent development of the industry chain had a serious impact . Weakness in the past two years the industry for two consecutive years spent barely half the exports of rare earths export quotas . The actual failure of rare earth quota policy , naturally brings on the respondent failed WTO . Adverse effect on the development of rare earth industry itself , is likely to continue for many years.

The tungsten, molybdenum these national efforts to protect scarce natural resources management through quotas were "rare earth fake pain" to drag on , there may be also be canceled. Future tungsten, molybdenum these national real how to protect scarce natural resources , no one to pay attention , this is really painful !

Hundred , thousand years later things have no meaning , tungsten, molybdenum resource that occurs after two decades dried up, but it is a problem that each of us will have to face in the future be forced to rely on imports of tungsten , molybdenum and other strategic resources clamped on Western countries , Cheng described as " catastrophic " threat .

I hope more people will be able to truly understand the urgent care crisis facing our country, tungsten , molybdenum, as well as other rare minerals . Instead of "rare earth false pain" waste of emotion .


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Geneva time on March 26 , World Trade Organization announced the United States, European Union, Japan v. China rare earths , tungsten, molybdenum export management measures related to the case of the panel report .

Report that China's rare earth, tungsten, molybdenum export tariffs with the relevant provisions of China's accession to the WTO protocol does not match China imposed export quotas on the product concerned does not meet the " 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ." In the end, the Group of Experts preliminary ruling , China 's export tax on raw materials of three , export quotas and export management measures in violation of WTO rules , China lost in this litigation.

The proceedings began March 13, 2012 , filed by the US-led United States on the issue has been rare in the exchange of information and views with Japan and Europe that China 's rare earth export restrictions on high-end industries, and other countries have had an impact , there need to be resolved through the WTO .

Rare is mainly used in electronics, metallurgy , military , played an irreplaceable role in strategic information technology, science and technology community, the late President Deng Xiaoping put forward the importance of rare earths : "The Middle East has oil , China has rare earth & rdquo ; . All world powers focus on rare height. Japan raised the country's energy resources, strategic planning in 2006 , the reserve breed new platinum, indium and rare earth three kinds of rare metals . The EU issued " vital raw materials to the EU " in June 2010 , will include 12 kinds of rare metals including rare earths as a future EU shortage of raw materials.

We assume that, prior to the continuation of a large number of rare earth mining industry and a large number of export , what is the result?

Our country is the world's first ever , after 20 years of mining , China 's rare earth reserves only a quarter of the original share of rare earth reserves, consumption is amazing. At the current production rate , China 's medium and heavy rare earth reserves in the class of 15 to 20 years after mining and exhausted, after the 2040-2050 year must be imported from abroad to meet domestic demand in order . By the time the case was " still in the Middle East has oil , China has rare earth ." Corresponding resource rich American , but it is the first sealed mines, minerals strategic reserves of rare metals to protect the country .

After China's accession to WTO, the rapid economic development , achieved remarkable success. Meanwhile, pay for environmental and resource costs is enormous. In this year's two sessions , Premier Li Keqiang proposed the development of a new phase of the tone , which " is not one-sided pursuit of GDP, improve quality and efficiency , energy saving and environmental protection " and other words , reflects the economic restructuring , the new target environment harmony.

Rare current prices, the cost reflects the environmental deficiencies. Rare earth mining damage to the environment is great, finished around the rare earth ore mined is no longer growing vegetation , and some even the whole mountain had been hollowed out into a black and blue of Bald Mountain . " Ganzhou only one place , if you want to destroy the mining of rare earth minerals such as ecological restoration of the land , the initial capital investment is expected to be as high as 38 billion yuan or more. " Jiangxi letter appoint relevant information released shows that in 2011 the entire main profit Jiangxi Rare Earth it is only 64 billion yuan, 38 billion is a huge " green debt "is a 2011 profit of Jiangxi Rare Earth Industry whole 6 times. Insiders pointed out already , to enhance investment in environmental governance will benefit the industry long-term health and sustainable development. Enforcement of environmental protection policies will have an important impact on the future pattern of rare earth development.

For the rare earth resources , domestic enterprises are also actively explore the development of the industry , the protection of the new road. Kunming Pan-Asian non-ferrous metals exchange in April 2011 to open for trading , after the support of all sectors to explore new modes of domestic civil Shouchu important rare metal resources. Currently on multiple varieties of indium , trading volume, the settlement amount in the world, has in fact formed the return of pricing power , strong support for the development of the industry.

March 28 , China's first specialized in all kinds of varieties of rare earth products for trading electronic commodity spot exchanges - Baotou Rare Earth Products Exchange in more than three months after the official opening test run operation. Marking China's rare to seek international pricing has taken an important step. August 2012 , Baotou Steel Rare Earth [ 0.85% funding research report] , Xiamen Tungsten [ 0.90% funding research report] and other 12 rare earth enterprises in the northern city of Baotou Rare founded China's first rare earth trading platform. Baotou Rare Earth Products Exchange 's official opening , the future development of rare earth industry will inevitably bring about positive, rational use of rare earth resources to provide the material basis , under the WTO framework , a new resolution options resources sector protection. ( Author : Zhang Lifu )

Note: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is January 1, 1995 established the predecessor of the 1948 establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). After World War II , in order to be restored as soon as the global economy , countries explore the establishment of an organization dealing with international economic cooperation , a " Bretton Woods " third agency ( the other two institutions of the World Bank, which is now and IMF ) . More than 50 countries envisaged by the plan is to build a complete International Trade Organization (ITO), as a specialized agency of the United Nations , called " economy of the United Nations ." December 11, 2001 , China formally joined the World Trade Organization , becoming its first 143 members.


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Today, the rare earth market as a whole held steady , adjustments in prices of some products , up and down , the magnitude is not too large, the overall turnover is still very good, there is an active market trend . Erbium oxide market volatility trend down , week, some vendors have been adjusted twice the price , the current mainstream market prices relatively late March has been lowered by about 5 thousand -1 million and about 32 yuan / ton. Dysprosium products market has active signs of inquiries increased, but the inquiry more. Today, the mainstream market conditions offer a steady rise , flat or raised merchants offer has . According to a quote Ganzhou area of 160 yuan / ton to reflect the manufacturers now accept shipping prices are still 1.6 million unchanged from yesterday , but the price has increased slightly compared to last weekend . Other businesses reflect a higher offer price has raised 1.65 million yuan / ton , but turnover is still below normal. According to the current understanding with the local manufacturers , dysprosium prices steady for nearly a week , has been quoted at 230 yuan / ton , no big adjustment .

Lanthanum, cerium modest fluctuations in market prices , according to industry feedback businesses now 3N lanthanum oxide and cerium oxide with no ticket prices are around 1.75-1.85 yuan / ton, with votes Ganzhou region currently quoted at 22,000 yuan business / ton. According to Baotou Exchange today ceria quotes , 4N with votes already 20,000 yuan / ton. Lanthanum, cerium relative value of praseodymium , neodymium , dysprosium, gadolinium and other weak and difficult to replace these magnetic materials , lanthanum, cerium content in the ore itself is much larger than the other elements on the current spot market is still excess supply . If China 's rare earth export outlook liberalized market , foreign suppliers will light rare earth compete with international and domestic markets , prices are still relatively limited space . It has a production insiders microblogging reported first quarter 1089 tons Lynas rare earth oxides, sales of 751 tons , the average selling price $ 22.63 / kg today . Whether Chinese dominance of one country , or compete with foreign markets, and if you put too much competition in the supply of raw materials market is too large structural imbalance leads to product supply , demand in the downstream market applications keep up, the price is too low excess supply will be long problems.


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NEW YORK, March 26 evening 9:00 , the WTO panel report released on " the United States, European Union, Japan v. China rare earths , tungsten, molybdenum export management measures related case" is given for the case of preliminary As a result, believes that the implementation of China's rare earth products such as export taxes and export quotas violate the provisions of the WTO framework . Experts said that this ruling is reasonable questionable , in fact, equivalent to force China to abandon export restrictions means opting for a higher cost , less efficient otherwise protect its resources and the environment , while at the same time, again has the world's most stringent export control system similar to the U.S. and Europe ignore their own policies practiced . Only binding on other countries , do not restrain himself . Experts pointed out that although China can not refuse to perform , but still looking for workarounds to circumvent the road , breaking the West's " Rules of discrimination ."

Mining of rare earth environmental damage

According to reports, China 's rare earth export quota for 2010 will be reduced by 40% , this results in the consumption of rare earth metals and related industries in developed economies panic . Rare has an irreplaceable role in solar panels , electric car batteries and a large number of high-tech products such as smart phones , there are also the "industrial vitamins " in the title . In 2014 the first batch of rare earth export quota of 15,110 tons , a decrease of 2.5 % compared with the first batch of rare earth export quotas last year .

Experts point out that , despite the importance of rare earth resources , but its development will create a huge burden on resources and the environment . So many Western countries to take "seal without mining" protective measures, to other countries to buy rare earths. Chinese long-term cost commitments over ninety percent of the world's supply of rare earths . In order to avoid a disorderly exit sustainable development of resources and the environment, our export quota measures taken so accustomed to Western countries inexpensive Chinese resources greatly dissatisfied , selectively ignoring the disorderly exploitation of China 's rare earth environment caused enormous damage .

According to " 2014 list of goods export license management " , China's export quota license management has 22 kinds of goods , raw materials Dispute previous rulings have made our country the abolition of the nine kinds of raw materials export quota measures , if the rare case related to non-ferrous metals and then cancel the quota management involved , then no doubt the field of non-ferrous metals will bid farewell to a "quota era" , after we found other rare disorder but was afraid it is difficult to export resources to protect this way .

"Even the rare case settled, there will be a game behind the other strategic resources. Therefore, China must be prepared at the strategic level , but also on the current domestic likely ' invited heavy criticism ' of the relevant measures for reflection. " China WTO Research Institute of Foreign Economic and Trade University Tu Xinquan said.

Actively develop " counter-measures "

Yang Guohua noted that the panel report was endorsed by the original intention of protecting environmental resources , but we believe that the wrong approach and should not restrict exports in the export sector , but it can limit the exploitation of the production chain . "Our country is exploring the establishment of normative systems consistent with WTO rules to protect rare earth and other strategic resources , such as taking the total mining limits, or resources to manage the export tax resource products . " Yang Guohua said.

Long before the arrival of the storm , China has risen to national strategic reserves of rare earth height , chaos and mining industries for long-standing , adopted a series of measures remediation rare "black industry" chain , some do not meet environmental and industrial policy rare Earth exploration and production companies have suspend production for rectification . " China should increase its efforts to integrate the rare earth industry , while strengthening environmental enforcement efforts to further promote the effective management and sustainable use of resources . " China Rare Earth Society Deputy Secretary-General Zhang Anwen said .

At the same time , the face of Western sanctions , we can not " sit still ." China WTO Research Association , said He Weiwen , on the one hand , China should step up strategic research related to strategic resource protection ; on the other hand , in the face of foreign products on our resources , " proactive " , China also should actively develop & ldquo ; and other counter-measures " against the United States of crude oil or natural gas exports may also sue on the basis of careful study on the use of WTO rules to pursue our legitimate interests .


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March 26 , WTO announced the United States, European Union, Japan against China rare earth, tungsten, molybdenum export management measures related to the case of the panel report , ruled that the export control measures Chinese products involved violations. This means that China 's export quota management system over the years , or will be forced to cancel.

Face is likely to be canceled rare earth export quota management system , China 's rare earth companies ready yet ?

" According to regulations, upon receipt of the expert group report , there is a right of appeal , the appellate body will make a ruling within three months, within 60 days, so now is not the final case , the expert group is currently being studied law to make analysis to decide whether to appeal. " Deputy Director of the Department of Treaty and Law Department of Commerce Yang Guohua said .

Once abolish restrictions of rare earth export quota management , release of rare earth supply , get the current quota of rare earth enterprises is bound to increase competition , China's rare earth will it return to the " loess price" touting the situation?

May increase competition for enterprises, rare earth products on various parameters indicators refinement requirements of different enterprises targeted products , in addition to even cancel the export quota constraint management system , as well as export qualification , product quality and other aspects , so customers not because of little interest to change the procurement object.

"Sheng and resources at the Ministry of Commerce issued the first batch of rare earth export quotas this year , access to more than 600 tons of export quotas , prices remained stable and the industry average . For effects may want to cancel the export quota management system of the enterprise , which depends on the specific customer relationships , not simply judge. "These Sheng and resources secretaries said.

In addition, he also said that the country 's rare earth industry in 2012 and 2013 are not completely finished using export quotas.

Statistics show that the total 2013 export quota of 24,000 tons of rare earth (equivalent to the physical volume of 31,000 tons ) , the annual quota of rare earth products actual physical volume of exports 22,900 tons , an increase of 36.3% , exports amounted $ 603 million .

Wikipedia information on the rare earth industry analyst Du Baichuan , told reporters that due to the recent downturn in the rare earth downstream demand , the export volume has been far below the actual export quotas, export quotas practical significance has little importance is gradually reduced.

Du Baichuan also said that the light rare earths worldwide are abundant, and more scarce heavy rare earth , Chinese light rare earth exports proper release is possible , should focus on the protection of the heavy rare earths . Moreover, even if forced to cancel the export quotas , customs can also increase the limit ; Meanwhile, the domestic regulation of rare earth enterprises have gradually improved, such as the current national authorities to implement the rare earth industry, invoices, certificates of rare earth mineral rights management and other measures.

Need to speed up the integration of rare earth

Whether the WTO ruling will be appealed , deputy secretary general of China Rare Earth Industry Association陈占恒said the reporter , is currently in the analysis phase of the panel report , comments , " In the absence of full interpretation, complete analysis, published not mature, but will soon be concluded . "

However, industry analysts believe that the possibility of changing the ruling is unlikely.

CPPCC National Committee, China Academy of Engineering , president of the China Rare Earth Industry Association Gan Yong early March , said in an interview , "and the WTO rare earths very grim situation facing lawsuit , WTO has given us the right to appeal , but from the results, there is almost a role in delaying the execution time . "

But the WTO panel report released the same day , the aluminum Rare Ltd. in Sichuan Liangshan , Sichuan Dechang proclaimed , Chinalco 's rare earth industry consolidation platform - China Rare Earth Rare led Leshan Sheng and RE shareholder Representative corporation , utilization of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Institute , Institute of Rare Earth new Materials Co., Ltd., Sichuan Han Xin Mining development Co. , DeChangXian owned Assets Management Co. , Ltd. and other signed agreements.

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Division inspectors raw materials , rare earth JiaYinSong Office on the day of the meeting , said Chinalco Sichuan State Council meeting clearly lead the integration of rare earth enterprises, RE integration and the formation of working group set up six large deviation must not be allowed rare premise enterprise group .

The real risk

"In fact, the rare earth industry is currently in oversupply situation , downstream demand has weakened rare earth , rare earth prices have been low, even if the elimination of export quota management system , companies bidding space is small, the worry is not the key to the bid . " Du Baichuan told reporters.

He said that the main problem is the rare earth smelting industry overcapacity and a separate set of mining, production, circulation , smuggling as one of the chain of black interests have not been eliminated , and the resulting decline in prices of rare earth products , rare serious business losses .

Reporter finishing discovered , in the rare earth group responsible for the integration of several major companies, its performance last year are not ideal. Rising Nonferrous which the reporting period, operating income of about 1.6 billion , down 32.77% : net loss of 109 million , up 365 percent fell sharply .

The report analyzes revenue up colored Rising rare earth and related products decreased by 802.71 million yuan , of which the rare earth industry revenue down by 365.46 million yuan , rare earth and related products trading business revenue decreased by 437.25 million yuan ( of which export revenue up reducing the 310.87 million yuan ) .

Baotou Steel Rare Earth last year while operating income decreased by 8.33% to 8.47 billion yuan , net profit also fell , edged down 0.11 percent year on year to 1.44 billion yuan ; Annual Sheng and resources in 2013 , the company net profit of about 146 million yuan last year , fell 5.24 percent .

Many industry insiders believe that the current problem is the price of rare earth industry downturn , weak demand , high inventories , due Luancailuanwa still exists , is difficult to count the number of specific stocks . But look at the typical price of rare earth products , such as the price of lanthanum oxide in 2011 more than 30,000 yuan a tonne, the highest ever reached 250,000 yuan , but currently only 20,000 yuan / ton.

Overcapacity and price slump is currently facing a number of challenges rare earth enterprises , and the integration of a large group of rare earth has been slow , perhaps the elimination of export quota system , allowing the export of rare earth return to the market will bring these companies a way out.


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At 14:00 on March 26th, 2014 ( Geneva time ) , the WTO disseminated to the public in the United States , European Union and Japan appeal the panel report my rare earth, tungsten and molybdenum export restrictions WTO dispute case , ruled me about rare earths , tungsten and molybdenum the export taxes , export quotas and export quota management measures violate WTO rules . The Panel also ruled that export taxes I belong to the " Protocol of " the obligation can not invoke " GATT " exception clause ; I export quotas and management measures to protect the environment and natural resources are not related , can not be " GATT "Exceptions to the exemption provisions of the Agreement . But the Chinese expert group recognized the right to take stringent environmental measures to protect the environment and natural resources. According to WTO rules, parties may appeal within 60 days after the report circulated . This declaration of the United States , Japan , the European Union co-sponsored lawsuit lasted two years and finally had the preliminary conclusions from the implementation of China's 1998 rare earth export quota system , or will be forced to end.

In 2009 , the United States , European Union, Mexico, on the Chinese raw material export restrictions appeal to the World Trade Organization WTO. 2011 , WTO ruled that China's export restrictions of raw materials violations . Yesterday , WTO officially ruled China 's restrictions on exports of rare earths violation.

World Trade Organization (WTO) declared the United States , Japan, the European Union co-sponsored lawsuit lasted two years and finally had the preliminary conclusions of 1998 rare earth export quota system implemented or will be forced to end.

Chinese rare earth export quota controversy , began in 2008 , in the middle experienced a " Chinese raw materials WTO dispute " , and finally a comprehensive upgrade to the level of trade disputes in the WTO in 2012 . And this case from the outset , there were already signs of an adverse verdict .

There are people close to the negotiations told this newspaper revealed that the rare earth , from the outset , the U.S. and Europe mainly in China and abroad fire sale prices vary , gaining an unfair trade advantage.

Expert Group report noted that China's rare earth export restrictions adopted failed to demonstrate protection of natural resources , but not with restrictions on domestic production or consumption, with the implementation of the measures . Think of export tariffs on rare earths , tungsten, molybdenum related products taken export quota management measures and export performance and the registered capital of the rare earths , molybdenum export enterprises do not meet the requirements imposed by the relevant WTO provisions .

According to the WTO dispute settlement practice, the panel report issued within 60 days of our country can appeal . After 3-4 months , WTO will issue a final ruling. If the final ruling is still considered China's rare earth export restrictions violation, then our country will be implementing the WTO ruling, amend the related export restrictions . Russia, as a third party to join the negotiations also provided evidence to support this position. And in WTO member countries , there are also a number of developing country Members to support China's position .

China Rare Earth Association Deputy Secretary-General Chen Zhanheng an interview with reporters , said the association has prepared to present specific content of the report ruled study and evaluate the ruling influence the outcome of China 's rare earth industry and member companies , the next step would be to take some measures based on the assessment results .

In China WTO Research Institute of Foreign Economic and Trade University Tu Xinquan opinion, this export quota management system in China since the 1980s began undoubtedly a challenge. One of the most critical is that even rare cases settled, there will be a game behind the other strategic resources. Therefore, China must be prepared at the strategic level , and the current domestic likely " invited heavy criticism " of the relevant measures for reflection.

China WTO Research Association , said He Weiwen of the rules significance than practical significance of rare cases . In fact the last two years because of the international market supply and demand pattern of rare earth changes, China 's quota is not enough, but used up . So even cancel future of rare earth quotas, market and industry will not happen much impact. Management of critical rare earth industry lies in the consolidation of the country .


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Today, the rare earth market due to continued weak demand for cold adjustment . Downstream magnetic , fluorescent , luminescent , alloy four major downstream industry procurement is still light, low market turnover significantly .

Dysprosium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax 160-170 yuan / ton, dysprosium iron mainstream manufacturers tax price 165-175 yuan / ton.

Praseodymium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 570,000-580,000 yuan / ton. Neodymium oxide 310,000-320,000 yuan / ton.

Lanthanum oxide manufacturers tax price 21,000-22,000 yuan / ton. Cerium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 21,000-22,000 yuan / ton.

Neodymium oxide, praseodymium mainstream manufacturers tax price 315,000-325,000 yuan / ton , praseodymium , neodymium metal mainstream manufacturers tax price 410000-42,000 yuan / ton.

Fluorescent europium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 4,000-4,200 yuan / kg. Terbium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 3,000-3,200 yuan / kg.


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Recently, a bad news hit the morale of the people : the WTO Expert Group published a report on "The U.S. , EU, Japan v. China rare earths , tungsten, molybdenum export management measures related case" , preliminary results suggest that Chinese implementation of rare earth products such as export taxes and export quotas violate the provisions of the WTO framework .

This "trouble" expected.

Of course , there is an opportunity to appeal the Chinese : " After three or four months , will usher in a rare case of second instance , that the final ruling .

But the reality perspective, the likelihood of a successful appeal is unlikely. The case of an expert group members consisting of state-dominated Europe and America ; secondly, export taxes and export quotas of rare earth products such policies were issued by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce and Management , is a government act, trade practices between countries , just go WTO tube .

If the rare case eventually lost , will bring huge negative effect China : raw materials had a dispute case , WTO has ruled China canceled nine kinds of raw materials export quotas , Europe and other countries will take this as the entry point to China strategic resource management systems to form a comprehensive export shock .

For the rare case that many Chinese people feel very unjust . Over the years, China has accounted for only less than 30% of total global reserves of rare earth reserve supply more than 90% of production to the world . Cheapest time , China 's rare earth oxide sold only 15,000 yuan / ton, the cost of raw materials mined only enough , but the high prices on the international market, this number of times. We can say that in Europe and America enjoy a few decades China's cheap rare earths , China because of the exploitation of rare earth causing enormous environmental pollution. This is the price irreversible , China realized the seriousness of the problem, start self-protection , restrict exports of rare earths , the United States and Europe but after another to say "no ."

WTO favors , so Chinese people once again feel deeply dangerous and unfair rules of the game in today's world . In fact , no denying that China has been a victim of the current world political and economic rules of the game .

Commerce Department data show that in 2013 a total of 19 countries and regions of China launched a trade remedy investigations , a total of 92 onwards, an increase of 17.9 % over 2012 .

"This is a major victory for the U.S. , EU and Japan made ​​" the British " Financial Times" summed up , WTO ruling was welcomed by trade officials of the United States , Japan and Europe .

Western countries undisguised joy , their hearts are like a mirror , " no country can hoard of rare earth from global markets, and to allow other WTO members to pay . "The United States Trade Representative Frohman actually willing to speak so Delightful : ' ruling means that U.S. manufacturing companies and workers will be able to compete fair ." European countries enjoying the joy of Chinese people frustrated .

Cheers people in Europe , the Chinese people once again feel the pride and arrogance of Western countries : they live or die regardless of others , just to get their needs met.

China's development in the use of immaturity and lack of Western and Japanese might be able to win the rare case of the WTO dispute , but European and American people happy , or too quickly .

Chinese old saying that the soldiers to be blocked , the water to soil cover . The rapid development of increasingly powerful China can not always be subject to a series of cases of people unfairly imposed unfair rules of the game , such as the case of rare earths , will stimulate and strengthen China and other developing countries to further seek to change the current unfair rules of the World determination. Even rare case settled, China can not fight, Gan Xinshou manipulated , " is exploring the establishment of normative systems consistent with WTO rules to protect rare earth and other strategic resources , such as taking the total mining limits, or a way to manage the resource tax export of resource products . "

Always be a way to cope . We believe that the United States and Europe eventually " lift a rock , smashing his own feet" of the day. United States and Europe in the face of oppression , China will be a positive response, and to develop counter-measures , such as the use of WTO rules, such as U.S. crude oil or natural gas exports proceedings.

All in all, China to protect their own interests, and the United States and Europe contest , perhaps only just begun.


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