The main component of tungsten ore is tungsten.Tungsten is a dull silver-colored metal with the highest melting point of any pure metal.Also known as wolfram, from which the element takes its symbol, W, tungsten is more resistant to fracturing than diamond and is much harder than steel. It is the refractory metal's unique properties - its strength and ability to withstand high temperatures - that make it ideal for many commercial and industrial applications.

Production:

Tungsten is primarily extracted from two types of minerals, wolframite and scheelite. However, tungsten recycling also accounts for about 30% of the global supply. China is the world's largest producer of the metal, providing over 80% of the world supply.

Once tungsten ore has been processed and separated, the chemical form, ammonium paratungstate (APT), is produced. APT can be heated with hydrogen to form tungsten oxide or will react with carbon at temperatures above 1925°F (1050°C) to produce tungsten metal.




 

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As kind of common metal, tungsten is usually mixed in kinds of rocks with its low content, and it can be smelted after beneficiation. There is wolframites and Scheelite and at this moment, wolframites has been in dominating place to explore, occupying over 90%. For tungsten enrichment, hand separation, heavy medium separation, gravity separation, floatation separation, magnetic separation and electrical separation has been involved.

For wolframite tungsten ore, it has characteristics of low content, low grade, coarse granule inlay, big density, low hardness, easy argillization, and dark color. Its beneficiation is mainly gravity separation. The density difference between wolframites and impurities is big and gravity separation can be adopted. But the wolframites granules shall be liberated from the impurities. So the promary situation is to observe the crystal granule size of wolframites. If the wolframites inlay is corse or it is lumpy wolframites, coarse mineral jig separator can be used directly to gain high grade tungsten ore. The equipment involved cover crusher, rod mill, jig concentrator. If it is fine granules inlay or wolframites mud, shaking table or centrifugal separator can be used.

But for scheelite tungsten ore, it is usually mixed with sulfide, mainly molybdenite, and the beneficiation for scheelite is floatation separation. In alkaline medium, The PH is 9-10.5 by sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The main inhibitor is sodium silicate, quebracho sap, tannin, and kinds phosphate while the main collectors are oleic acid, sodium oleate, tall oil, paraffin soap oxide. These collectors owns foaming nature, so there is no need of foaming agent here. In order to improve the floatation efficiency of scheelite ore, polyvalent metalsalts can be added to the solium silicate while pulp temprature shall be up to 70-90 celsius degree.



 

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There are 10 types of tungsten ore deposits in South China. Four types of fluid inclusions were found:

I.iquid-rich; II.Gas-rich; III.Liquid CO^2-bearing; IV.Polyphase with daughter minerals.

Most common are type I inclusions. Type IV fluid inclusions only appeared in the porphyry and skarns. In skarns, type IV inclusions are evidently confined to the early stage, i.e., the simple silicate stage, but in the later scheelite mineralization stage, only types I and III inclusions occurred. Types II and III were found in the wolframite-quartz-sulfide veins, especially at the top of the veins.

Homogenization temperature and salinity were determined on the inclusions, and the pressure of formation was estimated from the inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of some of these types of tungsten ore deposits are as follows: porphyry, 386°C; greisen, 244–301°C; granite, 220°C; wolframite-sulfide-quartz veins, 240–310°C; wolframite-microcline-quartz veins, 267–325°C; stratabound, 219°C; and ferberite-quartz veins. 142°C. The salinity of fluid inclusions in the wolframite-sulfide-quartz veins type was only 5–10% equiv. NaCl. The pressures of formation, determined from the tomperature of homogenization, volume and density of phases in H₂O-CO₂ inclusions, from veins in three different wolframite-sulfide-quartz deposits, were 450, 550, and 750 atm., respectively. Most of the tungsten ore deposits were formed between 220°C and 390°C, with the porphyry highest and the ferberite-quartz veins type lowest. In the wolframite sulfide-quartz veins, four stages can be recognized: oxide-silicate; wolframitequartz-beryl; wolframite-quartz-sulfide; and carbonate. Throughout this sequence, the salinity and temperature decrease, e. g., from 293°C to 129°C.

It is concluded that these particular tungsten deposits were formed from a dilute water solution at moderate to high temperatures and at moderate pressures.

 

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There are 10 types of tungsten ore deposits in South China: granite, porphyry, volcanic, pegmatite, skarn, greisen, wolframite-quartz ± microcline veins, stratabound, ferberite-quartz veins and placer. Most are chronologically related to Yenshanian granites. Integrated field, mineralogic, fluid inclusion and geochemical studies were undertaken to determine the characteristics and origin of the ores.

Most of the tungsten ore deposits are also spatially related to Yenshanian granites. These granites include several intrusions, isotopically dated at 160–180 m. y. and 70–100 m. y. The concentration of trace elements, especially W Mo, Sn, Ta, Nb, Li, and F are relatively high in the granites. In the granites of South China, the average WO₃ is 4.35 ppm, but in Yenshanian granites, which are the youngest of these, the average WO3 is 5.16 ppm. In the youngest of Yenshanian granites, a light mica-albite granite has been identified, whose average WO₃ is as high as 242.3 ppm. From this line of evidence, the tungsten ore deposits in South China are considered to be genetically related to Yenshanian granites.

Wolframite-sulfide-quartz veins and scheelite skarns provide the bulk of the reserves and production. There are many different kinds of alteration associated with the different tungsten ore deposits, but the principal ones are silicification, greisenization, potash-feldspathization and chloritization.

 

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Preparing a fibrous structure of tungsten copper contact materials --- tungsten fibers (having a certain directionality) instead of tungsten powder, by two-dimensional weaving method, leaving a small amount of copper for the induction of copper, fiber and copper tungsten blank stack together, then place them in a vacuum sintering furnace for infiltration sintering, then fibrous tungsten can be obtained.
The diameter of sample 1 is 0.12mm, who is the fiber structure; sample 2 is WCu30 sintering by mixed powder; sizes of the two samples are 10mm * 10mm * 10mm.

Carry out arc erosion experiments by using TDR-40A vacuum single-crystal furnace, pure tungsten is anode, cathode is tungsten fibers after polishing, place the two electrodes in a vacuum chamber, placement: next anode, a cathode on. The voltage is 7400V; the maximum current is 80A. Anode move with 0.2mm / min speed to the cathode until the arc discharge, discharge waveforms recorded with an oscilloscope, and then transport to a computer. Wait until the release is finished, the cathode move up, in every arc 10 times, the samples were removed, using an accuracy of 0.1mg electronic balance measures the sample weight loss, repeat the above steps, each sample 50 times.

 

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Points of Ce and CeO₂ effect on tungsten copper points’ properties can be seen in the following:

1. Effect of Ce and CeO₂ on contact material’s tissue distribution
To make contact material’s tissue distribution more uniform, adding a certain ratio of the two rare earth materials, Ce or CeO₂, can achieve the effect, and it can also improve the material properties.
2. Effect of Ce and CeO₂ on contact material’s hardness and density
To improve contact material’s hardness and density, the additive element Ce, whose optimal amount is 3%, can improve its density and hardness, and its properties are better than adding CeO₂.
3. Effect of Ce and CeO₂ on contact material’s electrical conductivity
Contact material’s electrical conductivity will be improved with the increase of Ce content, and its trend is obvious when Ce ratio is less than 3%. Its conductivity will decrease as the addition is more than 3 %.
In a word, compare with CeO_2, the properties of tungsten copper points with Ce are much better.

 

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The purity of copper will directly affect the overall performance of tungsten copper contacts, therefore, a preferred method should be used for the preparation of copper, which described in this article is the method of electrolytic copper pyrometallurgy.
Raw materials: copper sulphide concentrate
Process for preparation copper of tungsten copper contacts by electrolytic copper pyrometallurgy method is "sintering → smelting → blowing → refining", which can prepare the copper with the purity of more than 99.99%.
Sintering: removing some or all of concentrate sulfur, at the same time removing a portion of arsenic, antimony and other volatile impurities.
Smelting: make partial iron oxide in copper concentrate roasting or sintering ore and remove gangue, flux and other slag, to output copper matte with higher copper.
Blowing: blowing matte at high temperatures and oxidizing environments, further eliminate sulfur, iron and other impurities, the product is an intermediate product of blister copper, copper content is from 98% to 99%, precious metals is also entering the blister copper.
Refining: under high temperature conditions, further refining and eliminating copper impurities obtained by blowing, to get anode copper or copper anode plate for electrolysis.
Copper using electrolytic copper pyrometallurgy method to prepare, own high purity and free of impurities, the disadvantage is that its process is complex, with high energy consumption and higher cost.

 

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Ce/ CeO₂ effect on tungsten copper contacts performance are mainly shown in the following points:

1. Effect of rare earth (Ce) and rare earth oxide (CeO₂) on organization distribution of contact material
Add one of the two rare earth materials (Ce/ CeO₂) can enable organization distribution of tungsten copper contacts material distribution more uniform. Especially change the distribution of copper, which also play a role in improving the material properties.

2. Effect of rare earth (Ce) and rare earth oxide (CeO₂) on hardness and density of contact material
Add rare earth elemental Ce (optimal concentration is of 3%) to tungsten copper material, which can make its hardness, density and other properties improved, and its properties is better than adding rare earth oxide (CeO₂).

3. Effect of rare earth (Ce) and rare earth oxide (CeO₂) on the electrical conductivity of contact material
Add rare earth elemental (Ce) to tungsten copper contacts material, its electrical conductivity will increase with the increasing amount of Ce and by a big margin when the amount of Ce is less than 3%. After the addition is more than 3 %, its conductivity decreases.Add the conductivity of rare earth oxide (CeO₂) of the contact material with the added amount of the increases.
All in all, the mechanical properties of W20Cu80 by adding Ce are much better than adding CeO₂.

 

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The advantages of tungsten carbide button include that using HIP sintering for minimizing the porosity of carbide blank for increasing the transverse rupture strength (TRS). And comparing with other similar products it is more suitable for high quality requirement of making carbide buttons to be used in high pressure and speed DTH Drilling. Owing to its good wearing resistance,tungsten carbide button bits are widely applied to oil filed drilling and snow removal, snow plow equipments simultaneously. In addition, the series of tungsten caribide buttons have a long cycle of deactivation and the sustainability of drill bits is 4~5 longer than others in the same diameter, which not only saves working hours and labor force, but also accelerate the project.

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According to the different oil-field drilling machinery such as roller cone bits, drifter bits,DTH bits, geotechnical drilling tools, button is divided into different standard styles : P type flat-top bits, X type wedge bits,Z type coin-spherical bits.

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