On the darts market, we can find different weight, price, materials between darts. But how can we distinguish between one variety from another?
 
Metals vary in density and weight, and so some metals are more ideal for darts than others. Lower priced recreational darts often use common metals like brass and copper. These metals are not very dense, so the heavier the dart, the thicker or longer it tends to be. Tungsten is very dense and heavy metal, allowing for barrels and shafts that are slim in design. Tungsten darts are mixed with nickel, iron and copper. Brass and nickel-silver are lighter metals in comparison to tungsten which is a very heavy and dense metal. It is seen that most of the good throwers use tungsten darts but if you are a starter then you would not be throwing tight groupings whatever dart you are using. On an average the size of a 20 gram tungsten darts are half the size of a brass dart which allows for tighter groupings on the board.

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Film components on tungsten points’ surface is WO₃, which is non-conductive, and whose dura layer possessing integrity and density, because it’s V_OX / V value (3.59) is more than 1. In the process of use, tungsten points’ surface would generate a tan oxide film layer, especially when they have been placed in a condition of high temperature and high humidity before using for a long time. And due to its poor conduction, the equipment would not operate.

Chemical formula:
V_OX=M_OX/D_OX
V=X*M_w/D_w
Among which,
V_OX refers to oxide volume;
M_OX refers to oxide molecular weight;
D_OX refers to oxide density;
V refers to the generated single oxide molecules’ metal volume;
X refers to single oxide molecules’ metal atom amount;
M_w refers to metal atomic weight;
D_w refers to metal density.
It is a loose, porous and incomplete oxide film when V_OX / V= M_OX* D_w/ D_OX* X*M_w＜1;
And the layer of metal oxide film possess integrity and density when V_OX / V= M_OX* D_w/ D_OX* X*M_w＞1.

 

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Tungsten Darts is considered a "gentlemanly sport". There are certain things that are expected of players, scorekeepers and spectators. While there are some players that do not follow these guidelines, it is usually because they are rude, ignorant or sore losers. Better players will not like to associate with these kinds of players, and often such activity can lead to the better players giving the offenders a "taste of their own medicine". Stick to these simple rules, and you will have a much more enjoyable game and make a lot more friends than enemies.

Sportsmanship:
Generally, all tungsten darts players are good sportsmen. They will shake hands at the beginning of a match and wish each other good luck. Similarly at the end of the game, they will shake hands and say "good game" or "nice shooting".

No distractions:
Much like professional golfers making an important putt, dart players like no distractions while throwing. This means:

Do not speak to the player who is shooting.
Don't go "ooh" and "aah" with each tungsten dart that is thrown.
Wait until all three darts have been thrown to say "good darts" or "right there".
Do not make sudden movements in front of the shooter. Scorekeepers should remain statue-still while a player is throwing.
Even better is to try to always stand behind the shooter outside his or her line of sight.
Spectators should try to keep movement and noise to a minimum while a player is shooting.
No one but the scorekeeper or a teammate should tell the shooter what has been hit.
What has been hit should only be announced if the shooter asks.
No one except a teammate, not even the scorekeeper, should ever tell the player what to hit next.

Score your tungsten darts before pull them:

This can avoid many arguments. If you write down the score on the board before you pull the darts from the board, you can show your opponent what you threw if there is a discrepancy.

Don't be a sore loser:

Appreciate what the other player has accomplished. If the other player bested you, live with it. Remember if you had thrown something really amazing, you'd be happy about it, so be happy for the other player too. Not only will this show that you are a lady/gentleman, but by keeping your own spirits up, you will remain relaxed and throw your next darts better than if you got angry or tense. I have witnessed many players (including myself and other members of my team) lose a game purely because they got angry and their game suffered because of it.

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The reason why there is a film on the surface of tungsten contacts is that: during use, particularly have been placing them at high temperatures and high humidity conditions before using for a long time, the surface has generated an oxide film layer, which is tan. After chemical analysis, find that the components of the layer dura is WO₃ (non-conductive), this layer of the dura with high resistance may lead to poor contact or bad contacts conduction, so the equipment will break down.

After metal is oxidized or corroded, if the volume of metal is less than metal oxide’s, the metal surface may form a dense, complete oxide - film; while if the volume of metal is greater than metal oxide’s, the oxide film formed on the surface of the metal is loose, porous and incomplete.

Relational expression as follows:
V_OX=M_OX/D_OX
V=X*M_w/D_w
Then:
V_OX / V= M_OX* D_w/ D_OX* X*M_w＜1, the oxide film is not complete;
V_OX / V= M_OX* D_w/ D_OX* X*M_w＞1, the metal oxide film may be complete and dense;
According to relevant literature, the V_OX / V value of WO₃ is 3.59, more than 1, so that the film on tungsten contacts’ surface is dense and complete. Troubleshooting method: drop a few drops of alcohol on tungsten contacts’ surface, and then the layer of the dura mater will peel off.
Among them,
V_OX → the volume of oxides
M_OX → the molecular weight of oxides
D_OX → the density of oxides
V → the metal volume of generation single oxide molecules
X → the number of metal atom in single oxide molecules
M_w → the atomic weight of the metal
D_w → the density of the metal

 

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Electrical life of appliances is mainly determined by contact’s electrical wear. Contact’s electrical life is determined by its raw material’s density, melting point and conductivity.
Tungsten copper contacts material’s electrical wear will go through three phase process, which are sophisticated phase, stable phase and failure phase. Among them, the length of time of stable phase plays a decisive role on electrical contacts materials life. Only the mass ratio of the binder phase component, copper and tungsten skeleton in the contact material is controlled within a certain range, the contact material’s stable stage of electrical wear time will be the longest.

During its opening and closing process, the existence of electrical wear in contact material is mainly due to the arc and other thermal effects of discharge, making the surface of copper with low melting point melting, vaporizing and splashing, causing the rest tungsten skeleton materials with high-melting fail soon in the subsequent breaking process, due to recrystallization, grain growth, and friction and wear.

 

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What decide appliances’ electrical life? The electrical wear of it determined. The electrical life of tungsten copper points’ is determined by the density, melting point and conductivity of its raw material.

There are three phase process (sophisticated phase, stable phase and failure phase) of tungsten copper points’ electrical wear. Among which the length of stable phase time is acting as a decisive role on points’ materials electrical life. Only when the binder phase’s component, copper and tungsten skeleton in points’ material, whose mass ratio is controlled in a certain extent, can the electrical wear time of points’ material stable stage could maintain the longest.

Points’ materials electrical wear, during its opening and closing process, which mainly owning to the arc and other thermal effects, making copper surface melting, vaporizing and splashing, leading to the rest skeleton materials, due to recrystallization, crystal growth, friction and wear, will break down soon in the subsequent process.

 

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Golf: Golf is a game that may be played with as many players as desired. It is also a very quick game, limited to only 3 "shots" per "hole". Games may be played with 9 or 18 holes. A 9 hole game with 2 players can be played in 5 minutes or less.

The Play: The first player begins the first hole by throwing for 1's. The player may choose to throw one, two or all three darts for the hole. However many darts are thrown. The last dart thrown is the one that counts. For example, the player throws the first dart into the thin wedge of the 1 for a score of 3. Un-satisfied with this score, he throws the remaining two darts at the triple and misses the ones entirely. His score for is now 5 for the hole, he may not choose to count the first dart because he continued throwing. If he had been satisfied with the first dart, he may have kept the score of three and not thrown the remaining two darts.

The remaining players play through the first hole in order. When play returns to the first player, the second hole is played and 2 is the target number. The game continues as such until all 9 or 18 holes have been played.

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Golf: Golf is a game that may be played with as many players as desired. It is also a very quick game, limited to only 3 "shots" per "hole". Games may be played with 9 or 18 holes. A 9 hole game with 2 players can be played in 5 minutes or less.

The Object: Like real golf, the object is to complete each hole in as few shots as possible. The player with the lowest score at the end of 9 or 18 holes wins.

The Scoring: Players names are written across the top of the board in order. Order is usually determined by throwing one dart each for the bullseye with the closest playing first. This is a game that playing order makes no difference, all players have an equal number of throws to complete the game.

The agreed upon number of holes to play is written in order down the left side of the board (1 through 9 or 1 through 18). A running total is kept for each hole played and written next to the number of the hole in the column for that player.

The thin outer "doubles" ring counts as a hole in one. The thin inner "triples" ring counts as 2 strokes. The thin wedge between the bulls-eye and the triples ring counts as 3 strokes. The thick wedge between the doubles and triples ring counts as 4 strokes. Missing the number entirely counts a 5 strokes. 5 is the worst score you can score on any one hole.
 

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Besides, at low temperature manganese tungstate is the anti-ferromagnetic materials and English alias is manganese (II). Its physical properties are as follows: chemical formula: MnO4W, molecular weight: 302.78, density: 7.324g/ml, Solubility: insoluble, CAS registry number: 14177-46-9, MDL number: MFCD00014212. MnO4W is stable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, but to avoid contact with the light, open flame and high temperature, so it should be sealed and stored in some place where is cool and dry. In addition, MnO4W have some irritation, a person's skin and eye contact product will cause inflammation and other symptoms, so during the operation should to wear some protective gear. And it has a certain degree pollution of water, we can not let undiluted or large number products to reach ground water, water course or sewage system. What’s more without government permission do not allow this material release into the surrounding environment.
Manganese tungstate synthesis method:
1. Dichloride manganese and sodium tungstate cause metathesis reaction to obtain manganese tungstate precipitate and then after washing to dried at 1000 ℃.
2. Heat the calculated amount of MnCO3 and WO3 to produce yellow-brown manganese tungstate.

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Lithium tungstate is a kind of BeSiO3 stone lattice which is colorless triangular crystal. its physical properties are shown below：the chemical formula: Li2O4W, molecular weight: 261.7196, density: 3.71g/ml, Solubility: soluble in water, but insoluble in ethanol. Its chemical properties are as follows: It can decompose in acid; On the other hand, heating it at temperature of 500 ~ 800 ℃, and then passed through H2 can restore to the tungsten bronze, and then heated to 600 ℃ generated WO2, the final product is W (β type) . Lithium tungstate is stable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, but to avoid the light, open flame and heat, so it should be sealed and stored in where is cool and dry place. In addition, Li2O4W has acutely toxic, if human skin and eye contact it will cause inflammation and other symptoms, so when during at the operation should to take some protective gear. And Li2O4W has a certain degree pollution of water, the factories can not let undiluted or large number products to reach ground water, water course or sewage system, besides, without government permission do not allow material into the surrounding environment.
Lithium tungstate synthesis method: dissolution WO3 in Li (OH) or Li2CO3 solution to obtain Li2WO4.

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