Tungsten copper alloy having a high density, high strength, high temperature resistance, microstructure uniformity, resistance to arc erosion and other characteristics, and its electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are good. It is widely used, mainly in microelectronics materials, EDM electrode, military high temperature resistance materials, high-voltage switch with electrical alloys, as parts and components are widely used in aerospace, power electronics, machinery, metallurgy, sports equipment and other industries.

Tungsten copper contacts combined with excellent characteristics of the metal tungsten and copper. Among them, tungsten owns high melting point, high density; copper owns superior conductive and thermal performance.
The melting point of tungsten: 3410 ℃; the melting point of copper: 1080 ℃;
Tungsten density: 19.34g / cm3; copper density: 8.89 g / cm3;
Tungsten copper alloy composition range: WCu7 ~ WCu50.

Injection molding is relatively common method of making tungsten copper alloy. Tungsten copper contacts prepared by injection molding method: mixing copper tungsten powder with uniform particle size of 1-5 microns and nickel powder or iron powder with tungsten powder with a particle size of 0.5-2 micron and tungsten powder with a particle size of 5 -15 microns, and then entering into the 25% -30% of the organic bonding agents (such as paraffin or polymethylmethaerylate) for injection molding, then using steam cleaning and irradiation method to remove the binder, sintering in hydrogen, finally to obtain tungsten copper alloy with high density.

 

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The physical properties of tungsten strontium as follows: chemical formula: O4SrW, molecular weight: 335.4576, relative density: 6.187, it can decompose in acid, but insoluble in ethanol and other organic solvents. It is stable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, but to avoid in contact with material, oxide and halogen. Tungsten strontium has some pollution to water, undiluted or large quantities of tungsten strontium can not to reach ground water, water course or sewage system, what’s, more without the relevant government departments permission can not allow material to be released to the surrounding environment. In addition, tungsten strontium has some toxicity and irritation, during the operation to do some protective measures: such as wearing goggles, gloves, and protective clothing. While avoiding eye and skin contact with the product.

Tungsten strontium preparation methods are the following:
1. To obtain it from the alkali metal and tungstate metathesis reaction.
2. Melting tungsten trioxide and metal oxide to produce tungsten strontium.
3. Take it by melting tungsten trioxide and carbonate.

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Silver tungstate is a pale yellow crystal or powder, its Chinese alias is strontium chloride or strontium dichloride. There are some physical properties of silver tungstate as shown in the following: molecular formula: Ag2O4W, molecular weight: 463.574, it can be dissolved in nitric acid, ammonia and potassium cyanide solution. And the chemical properties of it are as follows: silver tungstate easily reduced, but it is not strong oxidant; it is easy to generate tungsten sulfide when it react with hydrogen sulfide, besides, it can broken down into white hydrated tungtsate by reacting with nitric acid. Silver tungstate is mainly used in catalysts, electronic and chemical industries. It can be produce by reacting sodium tungstate and silver nitrate, or get it from tungsten trioxide and silver oxide reaction. To store Ag2O4W in somewhere is at room temperature, cool and dry with closed.

Ag2O4W related systems number as follows: CAS registry number: 13465-93-5, MDL number: MFCD00014147, EINECS number: 236-708-3, PubChem number: 24881171. Also silver tungstate have a certain toxicity and irritation, so when operation to wear protective gloves, goggles and protective clothing to avoid contact with the eyes and skin products.

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Tungsten polymer material is a special blend of shielding material moderates and attenuates both fast and intermediate neutrons while eliminates primary and secondary gammas. 80-95% reductions in exposure rates have been achieved in field applications.

Tungsten polymer radiation absorption ability:

• Gamma rays – Very penetrating and are best stopped or shielded by dense materials, such as lead or uranium. Gamma rays are similar to x-rays.
• HVL (Half Value Layer) – the amount of shielding material to achieve 50% reduction in dose rate
• TVL (Tenth Value Layer) – the amount of shielding material to achieve 90% reduction in dose rate
• Radioactive Source – the radioactive element (e.g. Co-60)
• Attenuation – the reduction in dose rate. (Eg., HVL or TVL)

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The thickness of radiation shielding materials to reduce radiation energy to half of its initial value, that called half-value thickness (HVL, also called half value layer). It can be used as an effective method to estimate appropriate radiation shielding thickness. It is more convenient to estimating radiation shielding effectiveness according the thickness of radiation shielding material using half-value thickness method. The radiation intensity will be reduced to 1/2n of its initial value trough n times half-value thickness of radiation shielding material.

The following table lists the half-value thickness of aluminum by different energy of βray.

The calculation of tungsten half-value thickness:

△1/2W=0.482△1/2Al×A/Z

A,Z: the atomic weight and atomic number of tungsten
△1/2Al: The half-value thickness of aluminum shielding
△1/2W: The half-value thickness of tungsten shielding

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Number of Players: Any number can play, it is sometimes played with a dozen or more players.

Numbers in Play: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Rules of Play:  Players take turns throwing at the numbers 1, 2, and so on, in sequence, until 7. They try to score as many points as possible per turn (using all three darts). Only darts hitting the number in play count for score. So, when the number 1 is in play, the highest score that can be achieved is three - if the player hits a 1 with each dart. However, when the number 7 is the number in play, the highest score could be a 21 - if the player hits 7 all three times. Obviously, as the game progresses, the score gets higher. There are two ways to win: either have the highest score at the end of the game or score a Shanghai and win automatically. A Shanghai is hitting the single, double and triple of the number in play.

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Steel Tip - You have two options with steel tip darts. Fixed point or a moveable point. A fixed point is when the point is fixed into the dart and it does not move. This is the most common type of dart. Moveable points move. They are designed to help decrease the chance of bounce-outs.

Steel tip darts are mostly used with bristle dartboards and can only be used on electronic dart boards surfaces. Steel tip darts have a very sharp steel point to stick in the fiber of a bristle board. They can be complex with as many as five completely separate removable parts, and can be tuned for performance. Many models are available in different weights. Steel tip darts can be made of brass, nickel - silver, tungsten, and copper.

Soft Tip - Unlike steel tip, the difference is in the width of the opening of the barrel, not the action of the point. You have two choices here, either 1/4" or 2BA. 1/4" is the wider of the two choices. 2BA is much narrower and is much more common.

Soft tip darts are mostly used with electronic dart boards. Soft tip darts have a flexible, plastic tip on the end to easily lodge into the holes on electronic dartboards. Usually lighter than steel tip darts, soft tip darts can be weighted differently, and be as complex. Soft tip darts can be made of plastic, brass, nickel - silver, tungsten, and copper.

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Dimplex Flights: and other similar styles are actually hard flights which have been embossed with a texture. The bumpy or ribbed surface tends to stiffen the flight, which some darters consider desirable. The extra surface area also adds a small amount of drag to the flight, which makes the dart slightly more stable in some cases. The various embossed types of flights are generally a little harder to insert into a metal shaft, due to increased thickness. Use a dart tool or knife blade to gently spread open the slots at the back of the shaft.

Flight Protectors: are small metal or plastic devices that fit over and protect this area. The life of a set of flights may be greatly extended by using Flight Protectors. They are also reusable and may outlast many sets of flights.

Soft Flights: are made of a flexible plastic sheet, preprinted with a variety of designs and then folded into shape. Adhesive (glue) holds the layers of plastic together. If the flight is torn during use, the layers can be pressed together with fingers and the adhesive will "heal" the tear. Another benefit of this type of flight is that a Soft Flight will often flex out of the way if another dart hits it. These flights are available in hundreds of bright, attractive designs. Also known as "Reseal Flights".

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There are many materials of flights in tungsten dart.

Hard Flights: made of a stiff polyester plastic that holds shape well. The layers are permanently sealed together by heat during manufacturing. Because the plastic is harder, they don't tear as easily as Soft flights however if they do tear, they cannot be resealed and are ruined. Hard flights do not flex like Soft flights when hit, but do "pop off" the shaft when hitting another dart. This is desirable as it reduces deflection and allows tight groups. Hard flights were originally made of a clear plastic, which resulted in fairly dull colors in printed designs. During the last few years, Melinex, a type of opaque plastic, has been used for printing hundreds of brighter designs.

Nylon Flights: made of rip-stop nylon fabric. These dart flights are very hard to tear. The stiffness varies according to the weight and type of fabric used by the manufacturer, but is roughly midway between Soft and Hard flights. The most common point of wear with this flight is at the front, where it is inserted into the shaft. Since rip-stop nylon fabric is a thicker material, it is important to pry open the slots on the shaft for a properly loose fit to avoid damage to the flight. Nylon flights are extremely common and available in thousands of different designs.

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Shafts play an important role in tungsten darts. There have many materials shafts:

Plastic Shafts - Inexpensive, and available in many colors, but break fairly easily. Good shafts until you start throwing tight groups and breaking lots of shafts. Materials are usually polycarbonate or nylon, some have replaceable tops for greater longevity.

Composite Shafts - Composite type shafts, like the Alamo or Quiver, have plastic bases that thread into the darts, combined with aluminum or other metal alloy tops that hold the flight. These are excellent shafts, quite durable, and will not vibrate loose as easily as solid aluminum shafts. Generally available with replaceable tops for economy and convenience.

Solid Aluminum Shafts - More rigid and durable than Plastic or Composite shafts, in many styles, some with decorative engraved stripes, spirals, etc. They may tend to vibrate loose, especially on heavier darts. When used with thick flights, such as Dimplex or Nylon, the slots may need to be pried open slightly, with a dart tool or knife blade. Will normally bend instead of breaking when hit; just straighten for more use.

Aluminum shafts often vibrate loose when playing, so rubber O-ring lock washers are highly recommended. This only occurs when there is a metal-to-metal contact, so plastic shafts do not normally need the lock washers.

Spinning Shafts- A variety of shaft styles are now available, that allow the flights to turn out of the way when struck by another dart. Spinning shafts do nothing to improve the flight of the dart through the air, but they do allow tighter groups by letting the flights align with each other. Also, these shafts will greatly reduce torn flights.

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