Radiation shields help a temperature sensor accurately measure air temperature without the effects of direct radiation. Due to tungsten material has high density, excellent radiation attenuation properties, and environmental friendly; it is widely used to produce radiation shielding parts.Tungsten radiation shielding parts are made from high quality tungsten heavy alloys. Tungsten alloys are stable at high temperatures. You can use one-third less material than lead for the same energy-absorbing effectiveness.

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Tungstate crystals are considered high-class scintillators to be used as detector material for high-energy radiation. These crystals are frequently used as references in measurements on new luminescent materials. In this paper, we present manufacturing process of nanocrystalline tungstate materials. Lead tungstate (PbWO₄), cadmium tungstate (CdWO₄), calcium tungstate (CaWO₄), and zinc tungstate (ZnWO₄) were synthesized via modifying sol-gel process. An advantage of the developed technology is the possibility of manufacturing tungstate powders in nanocrystalline state not only at elevated temperatures but at room temperatures as well. X-ray diffraction method, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal investigations were done to establish structural and morphological state of these materials. For reaching the most dispersible with the lowest agglomeration single-phase system of tungstate materials, there was an established optimal relationship between the system of starting reagents and solvents.

 

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Three topics are presented for discussion: Regarding the Edison lamp, the author presents several samples of what has been termed "Edison's X-ray lamp." This occasion is the first time that the lamp has been publicly exhibited. It is known that in connection with Mr. Edison's experiments with Roentgen rays, and in the construction of his fluoroscope, he experimented with thousands of chemical substances, and the substance which he found most suitable for use on the fluorescent screen was tungstate of calcium, which, together with barium platinum cyanide, constitute the substances most extensively employed in fluorescent screens. The author will operate one of the tubes that will serve to indicate to some extent the results of Mr. Edison's experiments in this direction. Regarding the Nernst lamp, the author presents tonight various types of American, English, German and Hungarian Nernst lamps, of both self-lighting and torch-lighting types. Some of the foreign types of lamps he described in detail in his article presented at the 151st general meeting of the INSTITUTE on Feb. 18, 1901; and the Westinghouse type of Nernst lamp has been presented by Alexander J. Wurts at the summer meeting of the INSTITUTE at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. The author notes in passing the German Nernst lamps which are shown burning here this evening, and which are the latest types manufactured by the Allgemeine Electricitats Gesellschaft of Berlin. The large lamp containing the pendant conical heating coil is of a new type, which is here publicly presented for the first time. Finally, the author presents small quantities of radium being due to the interest which radium has excited in the scientific world, and as there are probably few in this audience to-night who have had an opportunity of seeing this remarkable, and up to the present time, exceedingly rare substance.

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An efficient phosphor can be prepared by a co‐crystallization of  and  . The fluorescence, exicted by either 2537Aå or cathode radiation, is that of a mechanical mixture of  and  . In the presence of tungstic oxide, the formation of  is greatly accelerated.

Determination of the pertinent compatibility tetrahedra in the system  revealed that the phosphor compositions lie in the sub ‐ tetrahedron  . X‐ray data showed that there was no solid solubility of  in  ; the fluorescence of  is adversely affected by  .

 

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A typical formulation and method of preparation is given for the calcium‐silicate‐tungstate (CST) phosphor. The wave length of the peak fluorescent emission of the tungstate phase is a function of its lead content. From spectral distribution of the emission of a CST phosphor, one can determine the lead content and the luminous efficiency to be expected from the tungstate phase. The effect of calcium fluoride as a batch addition in increasing average particle diameter of CST phosphor is shown.

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With regard to the determination of foreign elements in tungsten, cinchonine has been widely used as a precipitant of tungsten. This paper, however, deals with the flame-photometric determination of calcium in ammonium paratungstate (A. P. T.) by the following isolation procedure of tungsten. A. P. T. is dissolved in a mixture of conc. hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and the solution is heated until the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is completed, and tungsten is precipitated as hydrous tungsten oxide. Methyl alcohol is added to eliminate the adsorption of calcium on the precipitate, and to decrease the solubility of the precipitate, then the precipitate is filtered off, and calcium is analyzed flame-photometrically.

 

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The metallographic testing steps of tungsten points:

1. Sample
Select the tungsten points’ material required for metallographic testing to determine the location and cut mode.

It is necessary to take the properties and processing aspects of tungsten points’ material into account, and then select representative sampling.

2. Inlay

If points’ materials have irregular shape or too small size, insert or holders for easy operation are needed.

3. Coarse and finish grind

(1) Coarse grind
The objective: flat points sample and grind to a suitable shape approximately. It should be coarse grinded on the grinder kibble when general steel material are needed, a file is needed if it is only soft material.

(2) Finish grind

The objective: eliminating deep cracks of the points’ material left by coarse grind, and make it ready for polish. In general, material grind methods can be divided, manual grind and mechanical grind.

4. Polish

The objective: removing fine cracks left by finish grind and to make its surface as bright as a mirror without trace. Generally polish is divided, electrolytic polish, chemical polish and mechanical polish, and mechanical polish is the most commonly used.

5. Corrosion

Corrosion process of points’ material is needed to polish points, so it is observed under a microscope. Metallographic corrosion methods contain chemical corrosion, electrolysis corrosion and constant potential corrosion, and chemical corrosion is the most commonly used.



 

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Bismuth tungstate, as a novel photocatalyst is an efficient, non-toxic, inexpensive material, has wide application prospect in the dielectric, sterilization, photocatalysis. Because it’s microscopic morphology affects the performance quality of the product and effective use in life and industry. And by exploring the controllable factors of material producing can obtain a specific shape, size, surface structure powder material, so as to achieve visible light photocatalytic performance.
Using hydrothermal method producing bismuth tungsten the procedures are as follows:
1. Weigh 2.419g Na2WO4 • 2H2O and 4.851g Bi (NO3) • 5H2O dissolved in 100ml deionized water, adjusting solution‘s PH value by nitric acid and sodium hydroxide.
2. Adding a certain amount of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), after stirring for 30 minutes, the solution was placed in a tetrafluoroethylene reaction tank (filling of about 75%), placed in a stainless steel reactor, after sealing the reaction placed in an oven at 180 ℃ for 24 hours.
3. Then cooled to room temperature to give a yellow precipitate. Washed several times with water and ethanol, at 80℃ constant temperature to dried to obtain sample.

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1. The chemical etchants of silver tungsten points, tungsten copper points, tungsten points, silver-nickel points, tungsten, copper and nickel points and other points are:
Ammonia                            50ml
Or hydrogen peroxide solution (30%)      10-30ml.
Use of points as follows: using a freshly prepared solution to wipe the surface of the points about 10 seconds.

2. The chemical etchants of tungsten, nickel or tungsten carbide particles in silver-nickel points, copper tungsten points, silver tungsten points, silver tungsten carbide points are: potassium ferricyanide mixture, among them,
A. NaOH(KOH)    10g         water     90ml
B. K₃[Fe(CN)₆]     10g         water     90ml
Use of points as follows: mixing A and B, and wiping the surface of the points.

3. The chemical etchants of tungsten particles in copper tungsten points and silver tungsten points are: hydrochloric acid solution and potassium ferricyanide mixture, among them,
A. NaOH(KOH)    10g    Water 90ml
B. K₃[Fe(CN)₆]     30g    Water 70ml
Use of points as follows: mixing A and B, and wiping the surface of the points.

4. The chemical etchants of pure copper, copper alloy are: hydrochloric acid solution and ferric chloride, among them,
Ferric chloride                    5g
Water                           50ml
Hydrochloric acid (concentrated)     50ml
Use of points as follows: wiping.

5. The chemical etchants of pure silver, copper graphite are: ferric chloride solution, among them,
Ferric chloride                    10g
Water                           50ml
Use of points as follows: wiping.

 

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Tungstate and other semiconductor materials because it’s unique structure and physico-chemical properties, increasingly people's attention. Tungstate which has a light responsive photocatalysts is: bismuth tungstate, zinc tungstate, and silver tungstate, these tungstate semiconductor photocatalysts facilitate removal and degradation of organic pollutants and decomposition of water.
Wherein the bismuth tungstate as a new photocatalyst, the chemical formula of it is Bi2O12W3 and molecular weight is 1161.4736. There is some related system number of bismuth tungtate as follows: 13595-87-4, EINECS number: 237-033-7. In addition, it is an efficient, non-toxic, inexpensive material, in terms of the dielectric, sterilization and photocatalysis has a wide range applications. Meanwhile bismuth tungstate is kind of narrow gap material which has diverse topography. Thereby controlling its production conditions can produce nano bismuth tungstate with different morphologies and structure, so that effectively improve their physical and chemical properties to improve the catalytic performance and develop the new applications.

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