Also known as wolfram, tungsten is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone, though the name is volfram in Swedish to distinguish it from Scheelite, in Swedish alternatively named tungsten.A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite.

The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the non-alloyed metals and the second highest of all the elements after carbon. Also remarkable is its high density of 19.3 times that of water, comparable to that of uranium and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead. Tungsten with minor amounts of impurities is often brittle and hard, making it difficult to work. However, very pure tungsten, though still hard, is more ductile, and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw. Tungsten’s many alloys have numerous applications, most notably in incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes (as both the filament and target), electrodes in TIG welding, and superalloys. Tungsten’s hardness and high density give it military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are most often used industrially as catalysts.


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The predecessor of Al-Khalid main battle tank (MBT) is 90-II which is developed in China. Al-Khalid MBT is equipped by composite armor and rolling homogenous armor. The tank can perform night operation which is also equipped by thermal imaging system. The main weapon of Al-Khalid MBT is a 125mm caliber smoothbore gun which carrying 39 ammunitions. The smoothbore gun can launch depleted uranium (DU) ammunition, tungsten alloy penetrators, kinetic energy cartridge and high explosive grenade. Otherwise, there are 12.7mm caliber machine gun and 7.62mm caliber machine gun in the tank.

In recent years, Pakistan Army is modernizing Al-Khalid MBT. They attempt to modernize the tank to the most advanced tank in the world. Al-Khalid MBT is called as Super Al-Khalid MBT after modernization, which is equipped by integrated battle management system (IBMS) and active protection system. For the new design of structure, the armor of new tank can endure the strike from all of 120~125mm caliber anti-tank shells who are on service at present. What’s more, the fire control is more advanced, and the firing rate of main artillery has been improved by 9 shells per minute. Meanwhile, Super Al-Khalid MBT is also equipped by Sagem the third generation thermography made in France, laser sight, anti-tank missile tracking system and Valta electro-optical countermeasures device made in Ukraine.


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From 1970’s, at least 42 airliners was attacked by portable anti-air missile in the world. 29 airliners were shot down and at least 900 personnels were killed. The terrorists can shoot down a large airliner in a few second when utilizing portable anti-air missile.

Although portable anti-air missile were developed lately in France, Frenchmen develops their own Mistral portable anti-air missile system which has its own excellent properties, by adopting the advantages of other missiles around the world. The maximum range of Mistral missile was 6000m, and Mistral portable anti-air missile was equipped for the army in 1990.

The warhead of Mistral portable anti-air missile is utilizing tungsten alloy ball fragmentation which is very common. The high explosive contains 1850 tungsten alloy balls which have high penetration. When the missile is exploding, the tungsten alloy balls penetrates the shell of target at a speed of 1500m/s. Effective kill radius is 3000m. For having advanced properties and low cost, Mistral anti-air missile had been purchased largely by many states from the beginning of 1990’s.

China stopped the producing of Type 99 main battle tank (MBT), because the new Type 05 MBT came out. Compared with 99A2 which was three and a half generation tank, Type 05 MBT had improved significantly. Type 05 MBT was not just as a tank. It was a super land battle attacking platform. It was equipped with precise anti-aircraft missile and non-lethal laser weapons besides tank gun.

The initial velocity of tungsten alloy armor piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) is 1950m/s. The battle-sight range of tungsten alloy APFSDS is 3200m/s. It can penetrate to homogeneous armor whose thickness is more than 900mm. The initial velocity of high explosive anti-tank cartridge is 1500m/s. The tank gun is equipped with reliable autoloader. The firing rate of tank gun can reach 12 shells per minute. It can penetrate 950 homogenous armor from a distance of 2000m, when utilizing tungsten alloy APFSDS. However, it has the power of penetration for more than 1000m armor from the same distance, when it is utilizing hedo alloy penetrators. The tank gun also can launch the newly-developed 152mm gunshot guided missile. Maximum range of the missile is 7.5km and maximum depth of penetration is 900mm.


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China is a big country of producing tungsten.Tungsten reserve in China accounted for about 70 percent of the world's total reserves of tungsten.The output of tungsten in China accounts for 80% of the world's total output.

Tungsten  is a kind of rare metal with highest melting point and density.The hardness of tungsten is after diamond. It is known as "industrial teeth" and"industrial salt".Nowadays, tungsten is widely used in national defense industry, aerospace,machinery manufacturing, oil drilling, special steel, new material, etc.Aviation jet engines,rockets,missiles, satellites and many parts are made of tungsten alloy.As important strategic resource, tungsten industry has a close relationship with national economy and  national defense.


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Tungsten products generally include everything from household items to aerospace technology. The metal is almost as dense as gold and has the highest melting point of any metal in purest form at 6,192°F (3,422°C). These properties popularize the use of tungsten in many applications. Tungsten has a wide range of industrial use when combined with other elements and industrial metals to make metal alloys or superalloys.

People use tungsten products daily without realizing it. Extreme heat resistance enables thin tungsten wire to be used as the filament in incandescent light bulbs, for example, and when combined with calcium and magnesium, it becomes fluorescent lighting. This quality also allows tungsten to be incorporated into the heating elements of heaters and furnaces. Artisans also might use tungsten oxide in ceramic and glassware glazes, producing a yellowish hue. Comparable to gold in hardness, the metal may substitute for gold or platinum in jewelry making, as tungsten is hypoallergenic and virtually scratch resistant.

Tungsten weights or powder might also be implemented to enhance the driving force in golf club heads. Tungsten combined with copper, iron or nickel may be used in making high-quality darts or for the strings of certain musical instruments. Commercial aircraft, race cars and yachts contain tungsten products, as the metal’s density provides counterweight, weight and stability.


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Rolling of tungsten alloys plates can be divided into hot-rolled, warm-rolled and cold rolled. Because tungsten alloys have good performance of resistance to deformation, the general compression roller cannot satisfy with the request of tungsten alloys plates rolling. They should be rolled by the compression roller which was made by special materials. When tungsten alloy plates are being rolled, the compression roller needs to be preheated. According to different conditions of rolling, the range of preheating temperature is from 100℃ to 350℃. The blank could be machined only when the relative density (theoretical density compared with actual density) is higher than 90%. Blanks whose density is between 92% and 94% have good performance of machining. The blooming temperature of hot-rolled is from 1350℃ to 1500℃. If the coefficient of cogging deformation process is inappropriate, it may result in lamination of billets.

For the resistance to deformation of tungsten alloys plates, bending and deformation of compression roller will lead to unequal thickness of plates on broad ways. When changing compression roller or rolling mill, plates may dehisce for the unequal deformation of all parts. The transition temperature from ductility to friability of plates whose thickness is 0.5mm is under or higher than room temperature. If the plates show friability, they should be rolled by 0.2mm under the temperature between 200℃ and 500℃. At the end of rolling, tungsten alloy plates are thin and long. To ensure equal heating, tungsten alloy plates are usually covered by graphite or molybdenum disulfide. The measure is not only useful for heating of plates, it also plays as a role of lubrication during processing.

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In terms of firepower, when the 125mm smoothbore gun of ZTZ-99 main battle tank which has high gun pressure is utilizing tungsten alloy armor piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot(APFSDS), the tank can penetrate homogenous armor which has thickness of 850mm from a distance of 2000m. While the smoothbore gun is utilizing special alloy armor piercing (Hedo alloy penetrators) (the length to diameter for bomb core ratio is 30 to 1), the tank has penetration to armor by more than 960mm. Tungsten alloy is welcomed in military industry with its strong tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and elongation. In contrary, the U.S. M1A2 main battle tank has penetrating power for 810mm from a distance of 2000m. Germany Leopard-IIA6 has the penetrating power for 900mm. While Japanese Type 90 main battle tank has penetrating power for 650mm.

So the qualification of ZTZ-99 main battle tank is superior others in terms of power. Otherwise, ZTZ-99 main battle tank is equipped with 9K119 laser guided gunshot missile (called as AT-11 Sniper missile in the West) which is molded on Russian missile. There are 4 missiles in the tank. New artillery system is equipped with laser transmitter in gunner sighting device of tank, during improvement. The propellant powder of missile is lengthened and the weight of missile is increased too. The missile can choose complicates flight path and fly to target at low altitude, in terms of attacking conditions (such as attacking at a standstill ).


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There are some coated tungsten carbide blade advantages:

Because the surface of the coating material has a high hardness and wear resistance, and therefore as compared with uncoated cemented carbide, coated tungsten carbide allows the use of higher cutting speeds, thereby improving the processing efficiency; or in the samegreatly improving the tool life of the cutting speed.

Due to the coefficient of friction between the coating material and the material to be processed, compared with uncoated blades, the cutting force of the blade coating there is a certain decrease.

When processing blade coating, the surface quality is good.

Good overall performance, blade coating has good versatility. A blade of coated grades have a wide range of application.


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Tungsten carbide rods are manufactured as standards with one, two, or three holes, straight or twisted to a 30 or 40 degree helix, or solid with no holes. All rods are available in standard lengths of 310 and 330 mm.


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