Tungsten heavy alloys generally are refractory metal, which have two-phase composites consisting of W-Ni-Fe or W-Ni-Cu or even W-Ni-Cu-Fe, some tungsten alloy is added Co, Mo, Cr, etc. It could be made as various shapes, such as rod, cube, block, brick, ring, etc.

Usually, tungsten alloy cylinder could be manufactured as the parts of military defense, extrusion die, some counterweights, such as yacht counterweights, vehicle counterweights, airplane counterweights, helicopter counterweights, boat counterweights, tank counterweights, etc.

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As medical science developing so repaid, there is more and more radiation in our life, which has become a new trouble, such as X-ray radiation, gamma radiation (energetic electromagnetic radiation), radiation of alpha particles (helium atoms) beta particles (electrons) and cosmic radiation, etc.In order to protect patients and other people safe from harmful effects of ionizing radiation, such as breast cancer, skin cancer, etc. One type of excellent radiation-absorbing medium is badly needed.

Tungsten alloy has high-density.So tungsten alloy is a best choice for radiation shielding applications, in both medical and industrial settings.


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Riveting tasks in aircraft manufacturing results in exposure to vibration from both rivet guns and bucking bars. Long term exposure to vibration has been associated with symptoms of vibration white finger and musculoskeletal disorders.

Four differentbucking bars of the same shape but different material and mass characteristics (90%tungsten, >90% tungsten, cold rolled and stainless steel) were investigated for vibration and grip muscle activity during a riveting task. The >90% and 90% tungsten bars (3.4m/s2 and 3.6 m/s2, respectively) resulted in significantly less mean resultant weighted acceleration when compared to the cold rolled and stainless steel (5.3 m/s²and 5.6 m/s², respectively), whereas there was no difference in mean hand grip flexor or extensor muscle activity.

These results suggest that for bucking tasks that allow access for the bucking bar size investigated, use of heavier but same sized tungsten bucking bars can reduce vibration transmission to the hand.

Refractory metal, tungsten, molybdenum and their alloy materials have characteristics of high-density, high-hardness, high melting pointing, high-temperature strength and red hardness, low coefficient of thermal expansion, strong corrosion resistance, or good machinabilty other mechanical properties and physical properties. Tungsten alloy has been widely used for key materials or components in military, aerospace and other defense industry area.

For its good characteristic of high density, good strength and enlongation, W-Ni-Fe alloy has played a significant role in military field as raw materials for warhead. After the World War Ⅱ, tungsten materials have been widely used for warhead, substituting for depleted uranium (DU) which has radioactive pollution. In the 1980’s, dozens of tanks and cannons were equipped with tungsten alloy penetrators around the world. The caliber of cannon had ranged from 60mm to 125mm. The heaviest weight of penetrator core could reach to 4kg. Now, tungsten materials have become the major materials for penetrator warhead in the world. Lots of core of the third large caliber penetrators, such as 105mm M735, M774 and XM833 are made by tungsten alloy in many countries.

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Recently, bucking bars made of tungsten have been utilized for some riveting tasks at a localaircraft manufacturer, where subjective reports from the employees suggested less vibration was transmitted to the hands.

However, since the tungsten bars weigh approximately 2.3 times more than the steel bucking bars of the same size and shape, the company was reluctant to implement tungsten bucking bars on a full scale. While the increased mass of the tungsten bar may be an advantage as far as dampening the vibration, the effect on the hand grip exertion levels was unknown.

Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to perform a field evaluation to quantify and compare the vibration transmission and gripmuscle activity characteristics when using bucking bars of the same size and shape, but made of different materials.While controlling for rivet size, air hammer,skin material, and bucking bar shape, the tungsten bucking bars resulted in a decrease transmission of vibration, with no difference observed for grip muscle activity. Thus, when access (i.e., clearance for the bucking bar and hand) dictates that the size of the bucking bar be used that was investigated in this study, it appears that the use of a bucking bar made of tungsten, which will have a larger mass than the traditionally used steel bars, may be useful in reducing vibration transmission and positively affecting the health and safety of the employees.

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is one of the nuclear medicine techniques availablefor diagnosis.Whilst X-rays provide information on the structure of the body, PET shows the chemical function of a particular organism.  PET involves the injection of FDG (aglucose-based radio nuclide) from a shielded syringe into the patient. As the FDG travels through the patient's body it emits gamma radiation, which is detected by a gamma camera, from which the chemical activity within cells and organs can be seen. Any abnormal chemical activity may be a sign that tumours are present.

Tungsten alloy is ideal for shielding against both X- and Gamma radiation. The very high density of tungsten shielding (more than 60% denser than lead) allows a reduction in the physical size of shielding components, without compromising the effectiveness of the shielding characteristics.

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There are two forms of WC, a hexagonal form, α-WC (hP2, space group P6m2, No. 187), and a cubic high-temperature form, β-WC, which has the rock salt structure. The hexagonal form can be visualized as made up of hexagonally close packed layers of metal atoms with layers lying directly over one another, with carbon atoms filling half the interstices giving both tungsten and carbon a regular trigonal prismatic, 6 coordination. From the unit cell dimensions the following bond lengths can be determined; the distance between the tungsten atoms in a hexagonally packed layer is 291 pm, the shortest distance between tungsten atoms in adjoining layers is 284 pm, and the tungsten carbon bond length is 220 pm. The tungsten-carbon bond length is therefore comparable to the single bond in W(CH3)6 (218 pm) in which there is strongly distorted trigonal prismatic coordination of tungsten.

Molecular WC has been investigated and this gas phase species has a bond length of 171 pm for 184W12C.


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Making spectrographic chemical analysis of tungsten carbide ball can be difficult and uncertain,  so the accepted procedure is to use a magnetic permascopic evaluation.

The same exactness of chemistry and physical properties in tungsten carbide ball that are experienced with alloy metals cannot be expected, as T.C. is made from a physical mixture of a pure metal powder and a powdered ceramic. There will naturally be more variability in performance.


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The tungsten carbide powder and powdered cobalt metal are mechanically mixed to form a uniform combination. To this combination is added a polymer or wax that acts as a mechanical binder in the pre-sintered stage. A carefully measured volume of this combined powder is compressed by a double acting press to form the tungsten carbide ball blank, or pre-form. The binder is removed by placing the preformed parts in a vacuum chamber and raising the temperature. The binder out gasses and is trapped down stream as a liquid.

Next, the combined tungsten carbide and cobalt pre-forms are sintered or fused into a solid mass by heating them to a high temperature in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere furnace.

Some tungsten carbide ball sizes are Hot Isocratic Pressed or hipped. The newest procedure is to Sinter-HIP the parts in a single operation. Using micro size diamond dust, they are then finished lapped and polished to final size and microinch roundness with a sub-microinch surface finish.


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Tungsten Carbide is neither a metal nor is it a ceramic. It is a cermetal although this isn't a widely used term. This is a combination of a large percentage of Tungsten Carbide ceramic particles bonded together by a small percentage of a metallic binder, to form a solid mass.

Tungsten Carbide is extremely stiff, with a Young's modulus of elasticity of 98,000,000 pounds per square inch, compared with steel at 30,000,000 PSI. This high stiffness makes cemented tungsten carbide balls a good choice for ball-sizing and they provide premier results as components of kinematic couplings.


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