Tungsten copper military alloy is fabricated from the two mutual indissolvable metal of tungsten and copper, which combines the properties of good hardness, high melting point and low coefficient of thermal expansion of tungsten with copper’s of high conductivity and high thermal conductivity, it is a kind of well performance composite. Copper tungsten military material not only has good thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient, but also can design its thermal conductivity and coefficient of expansion by changing its tungsten copper content.

Tungsten copper military alloy is easy to be machined. And with this series of fine characteristic, so copper tungsten military has been widely used in mechanical, electrical, instruments and other civil industrial, and also is widely in making important as well as complex components for aviation, spaceflight, weapons in the military industrial.

The theory of copper tungsten military materials applied as high temperature material in military use is that when the air temperature is close to event exceed the temperature melting point of tungsten (over3,000 ℃), the content of copper in tungsten copper materials evaporate and then absorb a great deal of heat , which greatly reduce temperature of tungsten copper military made parts. The table below shows the properties of high temperature tungsten copper.

Few materials could continue working in such high temperature. Therefore, one of the important use of tungsten copper military alloy is as high-speed and high temperature airflow ablation and flushing parts in rockets and missiles, such as gas helm, nozzle, throat lining, the nose cones, etc. In addition it still can be used as a medical cover of tank, the tailpipe and orbit materials of electromagnetic gun. With these applications, copper tungsten military materials should be handled strictly as the following two items.

In order to guarantee the properties of high temperature strength, good resistance to ablation, and erosion resistant of tungsten copper military alloy in high temperature ,it must be sure the high density of framework and skeleton intensity of tungsten, therefore, copper tungsten militarymaterials in this application generally contain 5% to 10% copper.

And for the sake of making the tungsten copper military alloy gasification and smoothly reduce the material surface temperature by absorbing large mass of heat, it must be ensure that tungsten skeleton pore have very good connectivity and good capillary function at low copper content.


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Tungsten copper military gas vane is a device for controlling aircraft, rockets, spacecraft, and the like during those parts of a flight where gas vanes are not effective.Tungsten copper military gas vanes vary in design from plates that change the thrust direction of a gas flow to complicated guide vanes. In aircraft, gas vanes are used during take off and landing conditions .While in rockets and spacecraft they are used during the initial portions of a flight and for control in non atmospheric conditions.

The theory is that when the solid rocket motor outbursts the high temperature, high speed gas flow ,tungsten copper military gas vane can make the copper molten in the structure of tungsten skeleton infiltrate , evaporate, then effusion.

When the tungsten copper changing in the phase state, tungsten copper need to intake large mount of heat for the sake of cooling, and the good thermal conductivity of cooper makes the tungsten copper military gas vane with the function of cooling and keep the ablativity at low extent to satisfy the requirements of controlling system.


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Tungsten copper military nozzle can be used for a variety of purposes.Tungsten copper military nozzle is an indispensable piece of equipment in many devices employing fluid as a working medium. The reaction force that results from the fluid acceleration may be employed to propel a jet aircraft or a rocket. Most military jet aircraft employ the simple convergent conical nozzle, with adjustable conical angle, as their propulsive device.

And tungsten copper military nozzle is also used in solid rocket motor. Solid rocket motor has four components mainly the shell, solid propellants, nozzle components and ignition devices. The formula of solid propellant and molding process, nozzle’s design and materials and manufacturing process, shell materials and manufacturing process are the most important link, which directly affects solid engine performance.

Tungsten copper alloy with high melting temperature and ablation resistance will be the best materials for rocket motors.


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Ductility of tungsten alloy is very sensitive to residual porosity. For tungsten alloy whose tungsten content is 94%~97%, when porosity in alloy is only 1%~1.5%, tungsten alloy will be tendered completely. There are 4 reasons for causing pore containing excessive burning, rapid cooling and solidification, volatile elements existing in tungsten alloy and uneven sintering.

When tungsten pellet being spheroidized completely, connectivity of tungsten pellet is the lowest and elongation of tungsten alloy reaches maximum with that. Then pore will grow with the increasing time of sintering. Tungsten alloy will tender. When liquid sintering is finished, hydrogrn spreads rapidly in solidifying liquid phase and it causes shrinking pore when liquid phase is solidified. For that liquid phase should cool slowly. When cooling rate is higher than 10℃/min, tungsten alloy will cause more pore pores and ductility of tungsten alloy will descend. For sample whose size is large, when cooling rate is low, tungsten alloy will cause pore because of gaseous diffusion and solidifying contraction.


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In generally, when tungsten content is less than 90%, comprehensive properties of tungsten alloy decrease for overmuch binder phase. The decreasing of properties is primary shown that tensile strength and density of tungsten alloy is low, which cannot satisfy with the requirement of density and tensile strength. With the increasing of tungsten content, tensile strength of tungsten alloy increases slightly. However, with the increasing of sintering temperature, tungsten grain in tungsten alloy coarsens and elongation of tungsten alloy descends.

When tungsten content reaches 93%~95%, tungsten alloy has ideal microscopic structure. Tensile strength and elongation are the best. Continuation of adding tungsten content will make tungsten grain large and contact with tungsten grain will be increased consumedly too. Tensile strength of tungsten alloy decreases significantly. The elongation of tungsten alloy decreases closely to line with the increasing of tungsten content. When tungsten content is more than 97%, tensile strength and elongation decrease significantly. When tungsten content is more than 98%, the elongation of tungsten alloy is closed to zero. So, to achieve better comprehensive properties, the tungsten content is usually controlled between 90% and 96%.


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Applications:
1.Sintered tungsten tubes are widely applied in industry furnace such as sapphire growth furnace, quartz glass melting furnace, and rare earth smelting furnace since the melting point of tungsten has reached 3410℃; 
2.Tungsten tubes are more and more widely used in solar, photovoltaic industry and quartz glass melting field because of its high utilization.

Features:
1.The overall density of sintered tungsten tube is between 18g/cm3 to 18.3g/cm3;
2.Its purity is over 99.95%

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Tungsten heavy alloy parts are specially made from tungsten heavy alloy. They own the properties of high temperature recrystallization, high ductility and excellent wear-resistant. The recrystallization temperature of tungsten heavy alloy part is higher than 1,500℃.

Application
1. Tungsten heavy alloy parts can be widely used in illumination, electric vacuum device, tube component element in cathode-ray pipe and power semiconductor device
2. They are also adopted in tools for manufacturing glass and glass fiber, internal part in light bulbs, high temperature heat shield and annealing filament and electrode
3. Tungsten heavy alloy parts are also produced for high temperature container and component in microwave magnetron
4. Other applications of tungsten heavy alloy parts:Balancing weights; High temperature moulds; Protection shields for high-energy rays Electro-heat upsetting anvil block; The core of armour piercing shell.

Features
1. The density and hardness of tungsten heavy alloy parts is higher than that of other material-made rods. They have a very high density between 16.8g/cm3 to 18.75g/cm3;
2. They possess high temperature and corrosion resistance properties;
3. The alloy parts have wonderful shock resistance and machinery plasticity;
4. Tungsten heavy alloy parts are of low thermal expansion coefficient high absorption capacity of high-energy rays.


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Elongation and strength of tungsten alloy are sensitive to tungsten alloy porosity. Gas exists in the pore and makes pore happen Ostwald ripening Coarsening, during sintering. Lengthening soaking time will cause bulk effect to billets. When porosity is larger than 0.5%~1.0%, the porosity has serious influence on the characteristics of high density alloy, even more serious than interface segregation of oxygen.

Chun researched about the influence on the characteristic of alloy caused by the formation of pore in W-Ni-Fe alloy. When relative density of alloy was 99%, the shapes and sizes of relic tiny pore could also cause significantly descending or instability of alloy. German researched about the influence on elongation of tungsten caused by porosity. When soaking time was longer than 2h, the pore would grow seriously and the elongation of tungsten alloy descended. While the porosity is larger than 1%, the elongation of tungsten alloy would descend sharply.


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Tungsten alloy materials need to be heated by 600~800℃ before swaging . The conventional swaging deformation amount ranges from 10% to 15%. The maximum deformation generally is not more than by 25%~30%. Otherwise, tungsten alloy materials cause breakage easily. Tungsten alloy materials need relief annealing after being forged. The rang of annealing temperature is from 500℃ to 1100℃. Usually, heating, swaging and annealing are treated as a cycle.

The swaging working hardening tungsten alloy materials have the phenomenon of inhomogeneous mechanical property. The intensity, elongation and hardness of core differs form the intensity, elongation and hardness of surface quite. The reason is that metal begins to deform and extent is increasing gradually from coning area to sizing area. In sizing area, the metal only endures small deformation. The deforming extent of metal reach maximum in coning area and transition section of sizing area. For that, the deforming speed difference of tungsten alloy materials increases from the entrance to exist of coning area. That results in additional flexion deformity on surface of metal.


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To reduce the deformation of tungsten alloy EFP in recycle medium as far as possible, recycle medium generally adopts polyfoam, serrago, cotton yarn, mixture of serrago and sand or woods, etc. According to the difference of shape, speed, materials or others of tungsten alloy EFP, confirm the distance of recycling and use the combination of different recycle medium thickness.

The soft recovery tungsten alloy EFP, on one hand, can prove accuracy of design and provide basis for the calculation of penetration. On the other hand, it can be used for the design and manufacturing mould of blowdown wind tunnel for the research of aerodynamic force. It can also express the properties of tungsten alloy warhead.


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