Under the same experimental conditions (with the same diameter) conditions, and the comparison of the arc performance between cerium tungsten electrode and tungsten thorium electrode is shown as below:

(1) Cathode spot
Cathode spot is associated with the life of the cathode spot; the comparative experiment of the two electrodes shows that, the cathode spot of cerium tungsten electrode’s tip electrode of is the smallest, so its loss is minimal, and therefore its life is longer than tungsten thorium electrode (the influence of organizational structure).

(2) Cathode voltage drop
2% Cerium - Tungsten 12.0 volts
2% thorium - tungsten 13.0 volts

(3) Electrode emission current density
Cerium tungsten electrode’s emission current density is higher than tungsten thorium electrode and its arc is bright and narrow.

(4) Minimum arc voltage
Under the same conditions, thorium tungsten electrode’s arc voltage electrode is: 30 V; whereas cerium tungsten electrode is 12 volts.

(5) Minimum stable arc current
In large diameter, both electrodes have minimum stable arc current, with the decrease of diameter, cerium tungsten electrode have a preferably arc current performance.

 

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Scoring a tungsten dart match always looks easier the further you are from the chalkboard. Basic subtraction and addition can become incredibly difficult when you're in the spotlight, at the scoreboard. Here are a few things every darter should know before agreeing to be scorekeeper for tungsten dart match.

Scoring the match: the proper way to score an '01 match is to write the score per throw on the outside of the chalkboard and the total score on the inside, so the two opponent's scores are side by side on the inside of the scoreboard. For a cricket tungsten dart match, score the points at the top of the board and work your way down. You can note all stars next to the name of the darter at the top of the board. Also make sure that the scoreboard is easy to see from the dart line. Sometimes a scorekeeper will accidentally block the scoreboard by standing in front of it. Try to allow a clear view of the tungsten dart scores.

Act professionally and don't be afraid to ask questions. As a scorekeeper it's important to be calm. Make sure not to laugh, sneer or otherwise demean a bad throw. Also, do not establish rules after the game has begun. Never tell the thrower what double he has left or provide any strategy on how to finish the game. If you are not sure about a score, ask the thrower to confirm your math. Players should tell you the total scored per turn, however not all darters do this. If you're having difficulties recording a dart score, ask for help. Everyone knows how hot it is under the spotlight.

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Scoring a tungsten dart match always looks easier the further you are from the chalkboard. Basic subtraction and addition can become incredibly difficult when you're in the spotlight, at the scoreboard. Here are a few things every darter should know before agreeing to be scorekeeper for tungsten dart match.

No matter how tempting it is, don't look at the dart thrower on the line. As the scorekeeper for the tungsten dart match, you are in the line of sight for the players as they throw. Therefore, it is very important to stand still and face the dartboard. Whatever you do, don’t look directly at the players as they throw. This is very distracting for most dart throwers. Other "no-no's" are tapping the chalkboard, writing down scores per dart (always wait until all three tungsten darts have been thrown), and giving words of encouragement or advice to the tungsten dart thrower.

Scorekeeper's responsibilities: you are the official referee for the match, so it's important to know your responsibilities. You should call out the total score of each player's throw. As the scorekeeper, you can tell the darter how many points are required to finish the game. You also have the final decision on any controversy, such as who is closest to the middle of the dartboard. You may warn or disqualify the throw of a player stepping over the line. You can also re-adjust the dartboard if it is turned during a game.

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For example, a player has to hit "S5" (the small wedge of the 5). With the first dart he hits the "S5". He now has two darts to set a new target. He aims at double bull ("D25") and hits it. He may now choose to sit down and not throw the third dart and leave the "D25". Let's say that, for some insane reason, he decides to try for a double 18, and misses off the board. He now loses a life and the next player now must hit "S5". The next player now gets up and hits the "S5" on his third dart. He pulls his darts and throws his first dart and hits "T20" (triple 20). Satisfied, he sits down choosing not to throw the other two darts.

If a player sets a target and all other players fail to match the target, when it's that players turn again, no throw is necessary. The player may choose to stay seated and keep the same target number. If the player chooses to risk trying a turn, the player must hit the target same as everyone else. If the player misses a life is lost just as if he did not set the number that stumped everyone else. It is usually wiser to just leave the number and not take the risk.

Strategy: There really isn't much strategy, just make sure when you setting the next target number that your last tungsten dart hits and stays in the board. It's better to leave the next player a big fat single-20 as a target than to have your last dart bounce-out of the double-bull.

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Follow The Leader is a very simple yet fun game to play. It is very similar to the basketball game "Horse" (you may know that game under other names). It may be played by any number of players and is more fun with a lot of people. This game is actually pretty boring with only two players.

The Object: To win the game you must be the last player to have any lives left.

The Scoring: Players names are written in any order down the left side of the scoreboard. Usually, a throw of one dart each at bulls-eye with the closet player throwing first and the furthest throwing last. After the first game, the first player to get knocked out plays first and so on. Three tallies are marked next to each name to indicate the number of lives left.

The Play: The first player throws one tungsten dart left-handed (or right-handed if that player is a lefty) to set a random target. Because the first player has no chance to lose a life, the random throw is used to give the second player a fair chance.

The exact wedge or bulls-eye the tungsten dart landed is marked on the scoreboard. If the dart lands in the 5 between the triple ring and the bulls-eye, you would mark "S5" to indicate the small wedge of the 5. If the dart landed in the triple 5, you would write "T5". If the tungsten dart landed in the 5 between the triple and the double rings, you would write "B5" to indicate the big wedge of the 5. If the tungsten dart landed in the double 5, you would write "D5".

The next player now must try to land a tungsten dart in the exact same wedge of the board. If that player is fail with all three tungsten darts, one life is erased and the next player has a chance.

If the player is successful in matching the wedge any tungsten darts remaining in hand may now be used to score a new target. If the target was hit with the third dart, the player pulls the tungsten darts and has all three to establish a new target. All three tungsten darts need not been thrown in a turn the player may stop at any time after the number was matched and the last tungsten dart thrown at the board is the new target. The player may not make a choice of the darts thrown, only the last dart counts. If the player misses the board with the last dart that can be thrown, a life is lost and the target remains at the previous one set.

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Here are some suggestions for practice games:

170
 
Good for any playing strength, this is just a shortened version of 501, and most of you will know it. Just like 501 it is 170 straight start, finish on a double. The game focuses on finishing (doubles!) and a bit of score. It is encouraging because 170 is that big out shot you are looking for, and the result can be measured perfectly by the amount of tungsten darts needed to finish. Play a couple of 170s in your practice sessions and write down the tungsten darts you needed for each of them. You can watch progress by calculating averages for each day.

Round the board
 
For the beginner this is a perfect basic game. Throw for singles from 1 to 20 plus bull. Throw for each number until you hit it and count the tungsten darts you needed.
Round the board can be played in exactly this form with doubles and trebles. If you don't find it boring, it is a perfect game for practicing.

One alteration I was using heavily is this: shoot 3 darts at each number's treble from 1 to 20 and bull. Hitting the number's single scores 1 point, hitting the treble 3 points. This game is simple but very good, because it lets you go round the board, let you group darts around trebles and lets you always aim at a new high score. If you are beginner - average you will find your high score first around or beyond the 60 region. When you get better you will have 70+. 80+ is great, and above 100 is expert/pro level. This game is a good practice for trebles (cricket), but unfortunately doesn't do anything for doubles (except generally improving your accuracy).
 
Finishing
 
This game is a bit more demanding. You start from 60 points and try to shoot it out with 3 tungsten darts. If you miss to shoot out with 3, then you go down 1 point for the next throw. If you hit it, you go up 10 points, and so on as long as you like or until you reach more than can be shot out with 3 darts (let me know if you get that far...).
Example:

Throw 1: 60 - not finished

Throw 2: 59 - finished

Throw 3: 69 - not finished

            4: 68 - not finished

            5: 67 - finished

            6: 77 - not finished

25
 This is a very tough game suitable for good players. You start from 25 points and shoot 3 tungsten darts at each double from 1 to 20 + bull. Add hit double's value, and substract the double's value once if you fail to hit with 3. If you fall below 0 the game is over (lesser players can play with minus points allowed or start with more than 25 points to avoid frustration). If you reach bull and have a considerable score afterwards this is very good. I think there is an old world record above 600 points or so for this game.
Example:
Throw 1: D1 hit once,    27 points (25 + D1 = 27 + 2)

            2: D2 missed,     23 points (27 - D2 = 27 - 4)

            3: D3 missed,     17 points (23 - D3 = 23 - 6)

            4: D4 hit twice,    33 points (17 + 2xD4 = 17 + 2x8 = 17 + 16)

Of course, any other game you like that meets the requirements is great.

The above games are mainly meant for your longer practice sessions (1 hour and more), with 170 being an exception. This game is also very good for your short term practice. You can also play just one or two round the board variations in short term practice, but generally it is better to get for some often needed doubles, then going for some score and then go back to doubles or trebles just as long as you get some 'feeling' for the tungsten dart and your throw. In a short term practice session it is not so important how much you actually hit. Concentrating and getting the right feeling are much more important.

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Whenever discussion comes to practicing this is an almost immediate question. The answer mainly depends on your personal weaknesses.

Many players practice tungsten darts is mainly hammering 60s, then going around a few doubles or bulls and then back to 60s. This is of course nonsense. In many X01 leagues or tournaments you will see players scoring great but missing on the double. Unless you play on pro levels, most games will be decided on the double, not on score. So the main weakness of 'normal' players is hitting doubles. This means the most important practice for all kinds of players below pro level is practicing doubles in any form, and for beginner additional practice on singles is required.

A good practicing tungsten darts game must be:

Generally improving your accuracy all over the board;

Suitable for solitary;

Focusing on doubles and singles for x01 and on trebles and singles for cricket;

Challenging and demanding to your level of play, but not awkward difficult or frustrating but encouraging, fun and competitive;

At best not require chalking to keep you in rhythm.

So we can discard any '60 hammering' right from the scratch, and we can discard 501 itself as 501 practice because it focus too much on scoring.

Nice tungsten darts games come later, at the moment we talk about some more notes on the 'encouraging, fun and competitive' point. This is very important, because as stated above your practicing sessions should be motivating. So you have to give yourself some aims in practice, especially for your longer practice sessions. This is done best by monitoring your progress in some way. Monitoring of course requires that one thing few of us are able to keep when they are monitoring themselves: objectivity.

The best way to remain objective is writing down your achievements in a notebook. To do this the results of the games you are choosing must be available in the form of measurable quantities (thanks to Galilei's view of science: measure what's measurable, and make measurable what isn't at present).

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Practicing alone is much more valuable than practicing with friends or practicing only by playing as much matches as possible.

The reasons behind this are not really obvious, especially because many players experience that they are doing well in solitary and (relatively) suck in matchplay, so they are thinking it's the lack of matchplay practice that causes that. That is, however, wrong.

As a matter of fact every player plays worse in matchplay than he does in tungsten dart practice. It is of course hard to believe, but even the pros do. And this not only in tungsten darts, it is valid for any other sport. To increase our matchplay performance to nearly (exactly of course would be great but it is in fact impossible!) the level of our tungsten dart practice performance we must mainly use sports psychology, because the mental aspects of matchplay are the reason for this phenomenon (if you are a regular reader of TDT you know that the mental aspect is the most important issue in this project). And note - if you are one of these rare players who say they do better in matchplay than they do in practice, the reason is the following: You don't practice enough, period.

But it is still not clear why solitary tungsten dart practicing is that important. As a summary: Practicing with partners, no matter if they are better or worse than you, forces you to raise your limit above theirs. Practicing alone constantly forces you to raise your limit above yourself, and this limit is higher than you might dream of! So you can nearly infinitely improve your game only by always trying to beat your limit. No matter how good you are, you can always be better. No friendly or rivalry matchplay practice can do this when your opponents stick to their level. To say it literally - the only way to make your current personal limit your future standard is practicing alone.

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How often, how much? This is one of the standard questions get from players. The general answer is of course not surprising: As often as possible, as much as possible. Just remember, frequency and awareness before quantity.

How many people have 8 hours or more per day they can use for practicing tungsten darts? Answer: Maybe the pros and some of the unemployed, but hardly anyone else. So you get your personal answer - use as much time as you can or are willing to afford.
 
However long this time is, you should use it right. One hour of intense, aware and motivated practice is better than 8 hours of boredom and so-so arrow tossing. And, as in the headline of this paragraph, frequency is more important than quantity. An example: Player A does 7 or more hours of practicing each Sunday and nothing during the rest of the week. Player B practices half an hour on workdays, 2 hours on Saturday and then enjoys a lazy Sunday. Guess who uses his time better... yes, frequency is more important than quantity, so player B's regime is much better.

Try to practice each day of the week, with not more than 1 or two days off. Even if you can only spend 20 minutes on workdays this is good practice, although you should then plan at least one longer practice session on weekends, let's say more than 2 hours if you are serious about improving your game. The frequency postulate can also be used for doing two or more short practice sessions on one day. E.g. play for 15 minutes during lunch hour if you have the chance to, and for another 15 minutes when you come home. German top player Andre Welge used to get up 20 minutes earlier in the morning to get some additional practicing before he went to work. Not anybody's strategy, but a good one.

Then, not only is frequency better than quantity, intensity also is. Do your practice sessions on a concentration level similar to your match play level. If you find your concentration or motivation dropping during a longer session, go for a pause. Again 15 minutes up to half an hour are okay for such pausing. You can and should also pause if your motivation drops during a practice session, and also when you are unhappy with your game. Better stop and try again a while later with new motivation and awareness. Unconcentrating and unmotivated practice is bad practice. Pro Rod Harrington told me he doesn't practice when he has no fun doing it. In tungsten darts there is no use for forcing someone to practicing. If you don't want to, don't do. But of course, if you aren't eager to get to the board again after one or two lazy days you will hardly have the personality to become a strong player. In many other sports self-torment (mostly to gain muscle power) is a necessity, but not in tungsten darts. Tungsten darts is touch and coordination, not physical suffering.

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Thorium tungsten electrode, which has excellent welding performance, is widely used in DC welding fields. In several tungsten electrodes, its welding performance is the best, so it has the highest markets share on a global scale. But because thorium tungsten electrode (in metallurgy and rolling, grinding and polishing process) can give out a small amount of radiation (radioactive contamination), the Western countries has limited its production, but its use is not restricted. Nonetheless, people still gradually shift their attention to other types of tungsten electrodes, such as, lanthanum tungsten electrode and cerium tungsten electrode. That is because most of their applications have shown good performance, and they do not produce radiation Pollution. Because thorium oxide in thorium tungsten electrode will produce small quantities of radiation, so, when using it to welding, be sure to keep a good ventilation environment; and when the welding is finished, the welding head should be properly disposed.

Cerium tungsten electrode (add thorium oxide - ThO₂ to tungsten) grade and standard

Advantages of cerium tungsten electrode
1. Compared with pure tungsten electrode, its welding performance is better, for example, it owns better electrical conductivity, nicer mechanical cutting performance, lower electronic work function and other good performance.
2. Easy to operate, and it can work well even in overload current.



 

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