Tungsten ore industry in Ganzhou has contributed greatly to the social and economical construction of China either before or after the establishment of the PRC. It’s a centurial hardship for tungsten ore industry in Ganzhou experiencing the development stage from nothing to powerful, from little to large. After tens of years’ construction and developing, a great change has been taken place in Ganzhou and its tungsten ore industry has become the first main industry branch whose sales value is more than RMB10 billion. Ganzhou is transferred from main production area of tungsten concentrate to that of metallurgical products and is now transferring to that of value added tungsten products. The fast development of tungsten ore industry in recent years is only one example for the rapid economical development of Ganzhou.

 

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Ganzhou, being the birth place of Chinese tungsten ore industry, is extremely rich in tungsten source. So when tungsten is talked about, people will naturally focus their eyes on Ganzhou, just like that oil will remind people of Middle East.

Tungsten, as a rare and refractory metal, is an important strategically metal. As estimated the tungsten content in stratum is only I in the grade of ppm. But it is very rich in China. 65% of total tungsten deposit in the world is in China. It ranks the first in the world. From stratigraphical analysis the tungsten content in stratum of Ganzhou is 9.53-12 ppm and this is more than 7 times over the world average value of 1.33 ppm. The deposit of tungsten and the output of tungsten concentrate in Ganzhou, each take 30% that of total in China. Among them the deposit of high grade wolframite takes as much as 70% that of total in China and 60% in the world. So Ganzhou is called as “Tungsten capital of the world”.

 

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For decades, lead has been considered in radiation shielding. It’s cheap, easy to process, and provides very effective shielding. Yet growing health, safety and environmental concerns over the mining, processing, handling and disposal of lead have brought about an increasingly stringent regulatory environment regarding the sale and use of lead products.

There are three factors which determine the amount of radiation received from a source: 1) time of exposure; 2) distance from source; and 3) shielding. Based upon the application, the material density and wall thickness has been found. Utilizing a composite of tungsten powder in a polymeric matrix, lead free radiation shielding materials provide device manufacturers and material processors with a completely lead-free, injection-moldable thermoplastic solution to overcome all regulatory concerns and satisfy radiation shielding needs.

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Previous radiation shielding products have been made mainly from lead sheets, making them heavy and hard to handle, and there have been concerned about their effects on the human body. By contrast, tungsten polymer sheet is comprised of soft thermoplastic lassoers integrated with an inorganic substance that shields against radiation. Outstanding features are its flexibility and ease of handling.

The raw materials used in tungsten polymer sheet have been proven to be safe and have no effect on the human body. Tungsten polymer is a high-polymer material that possesses the properties of both plastic and rubber. It can be cut or holed with household scissors and formed into shapes with various curved surfaces.

Tungsten polymer sheet can be used in:
-Radiation shielding and radiation-protective equipment;
-X-ray inspection device for industrial and medical use;
-Gamma-ray shielding material and substitute for lead fiber mat in nuclear reactor piping systems.

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In the 1880s, Western countries developed lanthanum tungsten electrode to replace thorium tungsten electrode product, after that, it is very popular in the international welding industry due to its excellent welding performance, for this reason, the export volume of lanthanum tungsten electrode is just behind thorium tungsten electrode.
In other countries, under normal circumstances, thorium tungsten electrode would be replaced by lanthanum tungsten electrodes. Because La₂O₃ has the following advantages: (1) the lowest electronic work function; (2) the lowest tip temperature; (3) the easiest arcing and the like.

The existence of these advantages can effectively prevent crystal growth, so that its life can be prolonged. By testing lanthanum tungsten electrode 2% of La₂O₃ showed that: If there is no overload current exist, it has a longer life than thorium tungsten electrode, and its arc is easier to use.
Lanthanum tungsten electrode: 2% of La₂O₃; 1.5% of La₂O₃; 1% of La₂O₃. The most common is lanthanum tungsten electrode containing 2% of La₂O₃ (called lanthanum oxide).

 

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Today, lanthanum tungsten electrode is the world's most popular tungsten electrode materials, particularly lanthanum oxide content of 1.5% lanthanum tungsten electrode, which is different from the content of 2.0% lanthanum tungsten electrode. Studies have shown that, the conductive properties of lanthanum tungsten electrode (1.5% of La₂O₃ content) is closest to thorium tungsten electrode (2.0% of ThO₂ content), so welders can replace the electrode, without the need to change the parameters of the device.

In 1998, an experiment showed that: 1.5% La₂O₃ lanthanum tungsten electrode has excellent welding performance and a smaller burn rate; it can be used for AC welding, and has excellent performance.

Experiment
Materials: 2.0% CeO₂ of cerium tungsten electrode; 2.0%ThO₂ of lanthanum tungsten electrode; 1.5% La₂O₃ of lanthanum tungsten electrode.
Procedure: Respectively placing them under the current of 70A and 150A conditions, and under 300V DC environment, to carry out the welding experiment.

Advantages of lanthanum tungsten electrode
1. With good creep resistance properties;
2. With higher recrystallization temperature;
3. With Excellent ductility;
4. With better mechanical cutting properties and so on.

 

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Lanthanum tungsten electrode (adding cerium oxide - La₂O₃ to tungsten) grade and standard

Common specification
Grade --- WL10
Length (mm): 150/175
Diameter (mm): 0.5 / 2.0 / 3.0 / 4.0 / 4.8 / 6.0 / 8.0 / 12.0, etc.
Ingredients: tungsten, La₂O₃
Welding materials: stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum, copper and the like.

 

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Cerium tungsten electrode material properties: the comparison result with thorium tungsten electrode material is as follows:

Tn half-life is: 1.4*10¹⁴ year

Oxidation resistance properties: under the same cutting conditions, when the nozzle leakage, cerium tungsten electrode change little, but the loss of thorium tungsten electrode is significantly increased. In a gas discharge lamp atmosphere or when the oxide content increases, it is also the same, which can explain that oxidation resistance of cerium tungsten electrode is better.



 

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In the early 1980s, cerium tungsten electrode was used as a non-radioactive tungsten electrode in place of thorium tungsten electrode, and was introduced to the United States. Under normal circumstances, the content of CeO₂ in cerium tungsten electrode is about 2%. In the low voltage conditions, because cerium tungsten electrode can easily arc at a low voltage, so it is suitable for DC welding. The best selection of tungsten electrode is thorium or lanthanum tungsten electrode when you welding at high voltage or high current conditions. Because of in AC welding condition, the Cerium tungsten electrode will easily split. Cerium tungsten electrode has a lower rate of evaporation and combustion rate than pure tungsten electrode. With the increase of CeO₂ content, these advantages are gradually revealed.

Cerium tungsten electrode advantages:
1. It owns excellent performance of tungsten;
2. It is the best products at low current condition, such as, tiny or complex parts welding.
3. No radiation, it can operate at low currents, and has a low melting rate and longer life.
4. It cathode spots are small, the pressure drop is small, does not burn, and it is widely used in arc welding.



 

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Cerium tungsten electrode is a kind of tungsten electrode without radioactivity. It can be used to take place of thorium tungsten electrode (with radioactivity) when its diameter is less than 2.0mm or when it is in a low-current DC condition, it can be used in place of thorium tungsten electrodes (radioactive); thanks to its good advantages, such as, good arc starting performance and smaller pilot arc current, it can be applied for the welding of stainless steel parts, pipes and small precision parts; adding rare earth cerium oxide (CeO₂) to tungsten, prepared it by powder metallurgy process to get tungsten electrode products.

Cerium tungsten electrode (adding cerium oxide - CeO2to the tungsten) grade and standard

Specification
Length (mm): 150/175, and the like;
Diameter (mm): 0.5 / 1.0 / 1.6 / 2.0 / 2.4 / 3. / 3.2 / 4.0 / 4.8 / 5.0 / 6.0 / 7.0 / 8.0 / 10.0 / 12.0, and so on;
Welding materials: copper, aluminum, carbon steel and stainless steel and so on.

Package
10 / plastic box; Length: 150mm / 175mm; 1000 / carton.

Application
It can be used for AC / DC welding, especially in the small current conditions.



 

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