Tungsten carbide solid atomizing nozzle can spray atomization on given surface, which can be specifically divided into two types. One is simple straight, and its spraying angle is below 15°and similar to straight line spraying. Therefore, the longer spraying distance, the impact is more powerful. It can be widely used in cooling, cleaning and fireproofing. The other one is set rotating vanes inside and its angle of atomization can reach 50°-120°. But it is lacking in impact so that often used in dustproof and humidification. In a word, tungsten carbide solid atomizing nozzle usually has wider size and can be applied in vapor atomization.

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Tungsten trioxide, also called tungsten anhydride, which is one of the raw preparation materials of lanthanum tungsten electrode. It is a kind of yellow powder, which is a water-insoluble, alkali-soluble and slightly soluble in acid. It can be used to prepare tungsten alloy and fireproof materials.

Physical properties:
Color: Yellow
Status: powder
Formula: WO₃
Molecular Weight: 231.85
Melting point: 1472 ℃
Boiling point: 1837 ℃
Relative density: 7.16 (water = 1)
Solubility: insoluble in water, slightly soluble in acid, alkali-soluble.
Structure: The structure is determined by the temperature.
When the temperature range is from -50 to -17 ° C, it is triclinic
When the temperature range of 17-330 ° C, it is monoclinic
When the temperature range 330-740 ° C, it is orthorhombic
When the temperature range above 740 ° C, it is tetragonal
Among them, the most common is monoclinic; and its space group is P21 / n.

Chemical properties:
When the temperature is at 850 ℃, it will significantly sublimate;
In addition to hydrofluoric acid, it almost does not react with inorganic acid, and it can be dissolved in ammonia / concentrated alkaline solution (slowly);
It can react with chlorine gas to produce chlorine oxide (heating), but not reacting with bromine and iodine.



 

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Under the same experimental conditions, the application performance comparison of cerium tungsten electrode and tungsten thorium electrode can be seen as follows:

(1) Weld penetration
Cutting the two electrodes having the same diameter, length, and then welding a stainless steel plate (electrode diameter of 4 mm, thickness of 8 mm), after comparison, found that: weld penetration of 2% thorium tungsten electrode is the most shallow, and it is not symmetrical; weld penetration of 4% cerium tungsten electrode is deeper.

(2) The burning rate
Burning rate of cerium tungsten thorium electrode is lower than tungsten thorium electrode, and if the cerium content increases, its performance will be better.

(3) Repeated arc ignition reliability
Experimental materials: electrodes (whose diameter is 3.0 mm)
Experimental procedure: under 200A conditions, positive polarity dimension arc two minutes every two minutes and then arc again, repeating 50 times in a row.
Results: thorium tungsten electrode can not build arc at one time, and its arc dispersion is very irregular and scattered; whereas cerium tungsten electrode can be a trigger to build a stable arc.

(4) Loss ratio
Loss ratio of 2% thorium tungsten electrode is 0.2503 g;
Loss ratio of 4% cerium tungsten electrodes was 0.0655 g.

 

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Set up marketing system to make better use of resources:

According to the national laws and rules, Ganzhou government conformed to the resources and standardized the mining of tungsten by approving the confidential of mineral mining and exploring. In Aug. 2003, as an experiment, Dayu government auctioned 12 tungsten mining licenses in public and made great success. So far, all mining licenses of Ganzhou have been auctioned and atoned beneficially; mining workers were re-employed; the resources were cherished and utilized more efficiently; benefits of enterprises increased obviously. And a developing platform of well-knit basis has formed. Some tungsten metallurgy enterprises had their own mines, which ensured their further development with resources.


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For tungsten carbide, it contains metal binding phase Co, which has low melting point. And Co will easily be plastic deformation and swept by carbide particles under high temperature. This will leave many pits and voids on the surface of nozzle erosion, which makes the hard phase particles broken and eventually fall off due to the loss of support. Therefore, the most common abrasive pattern is grain falling. In addition, pottery has high melting point and its hardness is higher than other carbide particles so that it has good anti-erosion of low angle. However, pottery belongs to fragile material and its bending strength is weaker than tungsten carbide. So when heat stress inside exceed the limits, which it can bear, will crack finally.

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Thorium tungsten electrode containing 1-1.2% of thorium oxide, thorium is a radioactive material, in the welding process and the contact process with thorium tungsten rod, it will affected by radiation. Radiation can have an influence on human body in two forms: one is external beam radiation, and the second one is internal exposure through the respiratory and digestive system. From a lot of investigation and determination on GIT welding and plasma welding, it has proved that the electrode is with less harmful radioactivity, because the thorium tungsten electrode daily consumption is only 100-200 mg, the radiation dose is minimal, which has little effect on the human body. But there are two conditions must be noted: First, when welding in a container, the ventilation is poor, the radioactive particles in dust may exceed health standards; secondly, when grinding thorium tungsten rod and the storage place of thorium tungsten rod, the concentration of radioactive aerosols and radioactive dust can reach or exceed health standards. If radioactive substances invade the body, it can cause chronic radiation disease, mainly in: the decline of general functional state, who will feel obvious weakness, and its resistance to infectious diseases will decrease, and weight will lose and other symptoms.



 

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Since the second half of 2000, according to the policy and plans of reformation for the whole national tungsten industries, Ganzhou city government has carried out a comprehensive research and made a decision to merge and reorganize the industry and, distributed it as a policy to the local governments to enforce. Therefore, Ganzhou tungsten industry turned to the right way of conforming resources to develop the whole industry.

Control the mining order by prohibiting illegal exploitation activities

For many years, Ganzhou government took effective measures to clean up illegal mining activities by stopping the supply of power, water and relevant mining materials to some mines, driving out thousands of illegally mining workers from mines, canceling hundreds of illegal mining places, and closing dozens of mines which were over-mined, cross-border-mined, and danger-hidden. Status of many mines sharing the same license and renting mines were held back. Thus the tungsten industry has been kept in order.

After effectively straightening, the problems of disordered mining have been solved basically, the orders of mining turned better. Ganzhou government strictly executed the national policy and yearly plan for tungsten concentrate producing by adopting measures of managing tungsten quota, controlling the supply of detonator materials, approving the confidential of artificial person and controlling the output strictly.

 

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The 20 years, when the Chinese opening and reform went deeper, was also an important period for the development of tungsten industrial system and tungsten processing in Ganzhou.

In Nov. 1981, the first national science conference of tungsten industry was held in Xihuashan tungsten mine of Dayu County. Mr. Fang Yi, the vice-premier at that time, made an important speech and presented his inscription “making efforts to develop tungsten industry”. Developing new applications and leading to the downstream products processing have been presented in this conference.

In 1984, Ganzhou Tungsten and Molybdenum Materials Factory was into production. By importing the technologies from Janpan, it developed tungsten powder, sintered bar, wire etc.. In the same year, some local tungsten metallurgy factories were set up and went into production.

During the middle and late 1980s, without control from the government, Ganzhou tungsten industry resulted in the situations of illegal exploration and mining, losing control of quality, smuggle and out-of-order competition.

At the beginning of 1990s, the price of tungsten was much less than the cost of mining. Ganzhou tungsten industry got into depression. Some newly-built tungsten smelting enterprises also met great trouble.

In the middle and late 1990s, as reformation going further, the private companies began their business in tungsten industry. Many companies and mines which were near to bankruptcy were merged and reorganized. Since then on, enterprises have been going better. In 2000, Ganzhou tungsten mines produced tungsten concentrate 22553 tons, and their sales value reached RMB 707 million and tax RMB 43.72 million. 

 

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Smelting, Processing and Related Industries

In 1952, Dayu Tin Plant produced composed scheelite successfully by using sintering method.

In 1958, Ganzhou Concentration Plant was established and started its production. After 1963, tungstic acid, APT, W powder, WC powder and cemented carbide could be produced too.

Then “Umbrella” brand APT produced by Ganzhou 801 Factory was sold to Japan, US, UK and France. But the output of the tungsten products was still less than 2,000 tons.

Ganzhou tungsten industry stimulated the development of mining equipment, meltallurgical equipment. Starting with only one repair factory, at present Ganzhou has 10 machine factories including metallurgy machine factory and mining machine factory, plus 17 machine factories owned by mines. The metallurygy chemical factories, led by 803 Factory, produced over 14t of all types of explosives.

Education and Scientific Research

In Ganzhou, education and research institutes for non-ferrous industry were well developed. In 1958, metallurgical ministry established Jiangxi metallurgical college (now Jiangxi University of Science and Technology). Afterwards, the Geology Ministry established Jiangxi Geology College. 

 

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Under normal circumstances, thorium tungsten electrode can act as positive electrode of carbon, stainless steel, or nickel alloy, or negative electrode of titanium alloy. Because it has excellent operational performance, so even in overload current, it can also work well.

Thorium tungsten electrode applied in direct current welding field and pure tungsten electrode is for AC welding. Before the welding process, the staff should read the thorium tungsten electrode instructions carefully.

Thorium tungsten electrode applied in carbon and stainless steel field. Thorium oxide content of 2% in thorium tungsten electrode is usually better than 1% of oxide content in improving its operational performance. When using thorium tungsten electrode in AC welding, the speed should be faster, and it should be used with caution in order to direct current welding react before AC welding. When in AC welding, ball balled would not melt, so the effect is not so well as liquid ball.



 

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