Tungsten alloy is a tungsten-group sintered alloy consisting tungsten and binder phase with nickel, copper, iron, etc.
Typical material characteristics of tungsten alloy are following.
High density
Excellent radiation shielding effect
Superior machinability to tungsten
High mechanical strength
Low thermal expansion and high thermal conductance
Excellent oxidation resistance (HAX1)
Due to tungsten alloy’s material characteristics, it is the best choice to produce tungsten alloy radiation shielding. Material characteristics of tungsten alloy radiation shielding are shown in Table-1.

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Tungsten carbide high pressure nozzle has spraying angle, scope, impact, and average size of drop requests, through narrow down bore caliber and enhancing pressure or increasing spraying angle to obtain high pressure. With increasing pressure, tungsten carbide high pressure nozzle can be used in difficult cleaning, peeling, derusting and cutting. Its pressure range from 10 to 100MPa and it has excellent stability, the most outstanding is its intensive impact and stable range. The principle is that when the impact of tungsten carbide high pressure nozzle flow is stronger than the adhesion of surface, the dirt will be peeled off and swept. Therefore, tungsten carbide high pressure nozzle is very suitable for surface cleaning and some other needs uniform distribution.

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Tungsten carbide atomizing nozzle is a kind of device that can atomize fluid and suspend in the air uniformly. There are two principles that one is using single-fluid atomizing nozzle, which just sprays water out by its water pressure. And according to different designs of vane, such as fan-shaped, conical and cycle, can form diverse atomizing effects. The other one is working by air pressure, which is related with syphonage. In addition, tungsten carbide atomizing nozzle can be specifically divided into normal air atomizing nozzle and fine atomizing nozzle, which covers industry and agriculture such as coating, cleaning, sparing pesticide and humidification, etc. And the inseparable air-conditioning in our daily life is also equipped with atomizing nozzle for cooling itself.

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Tungsten carbide venturi nozzle is based on the principle of Berboulli, which has reasonable design on geometric surface, thereby forming a circulation of high flow, while also having the injection holes to prevent clogging. And the principle of the Venturi effect is when the wind blows over the barrier, and the air from the coarse to fine, the pressure of the leeward side of barrier is lower, so that it comes into a "vacuum zone" and causes air flow to run. When fluid at high speed runs through nozzle will lead surrounding fluid to come into a circulation, which mixed with the pumping liquor for enlarging the total capacity of circulate fluid and reaches the rate of 4:1. Therefore, the other energy consumption will be saved.

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The earliest material for CWS is iron, which has good strength and heat resisting. Through heat processing, it can be improved for hardness and toughness. In addition, iron CWS nozzle is bearing the low angle of erosion so that its lifespan is short in practical applications. However, tungsten carbide belongs to fragile materials, its strength and impact resisting is weaker than iron so that it is not suitable for complicate nozzle. Actually, we often make tungsten carbide into ring or lump for inlaying on some parts abrased, such as Y-types used in America and Canada, multilevel CWS colliding nozzle used in China. What’s more, tungsten carbide is the prior choice of CWS nozzle, whose common lifespan reaches above 1000h.

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CWS is a kind of new-style fluid coal-based fuel, which is composed of 65% coal, 34% water, and 1% other chemical additives. It is low-sulfur and the temperature of center flame is lower so that the discharge of dust, SO2, NOX decreases and the efficiency is improved. Based on the long-term strategy, many countries regard it as the replacement of coal for developing and storing. As an important part of CWS burner, tungsten carbide nozzle CWS should has good atomizing performance. According to fuel quality and the different requests of atomization, the applications are also diverse. It can be specifically divided into air-blast, machining, rotating and ultrasonic. And their reasonable structure determines its anti-corrosion, heat resisting and lifespan, which is made of iron, tungsten carbide, pottery.

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First 9 Dart Checkout Fact

The World Darts Federation (also known as WDF) was founded in 1976 by representatives of 15 nations. All National Darts organizing bodies of all nations can become members of the WDF. The function of the WDF is to encourage the sport of darts amongst the different nations and to also gain international recognition for darts as a major sport.

The first World Professional Darts Championship was organized by the BDO (British darts organization) in 1978. This championship was for many years known as "The Embassy" – due to its sponsorship by Imperial Tobacco. In 2003 the government banned all tobacco advertising and in 2004 "The Embassy World Dart Championship" became "The Lakeside World Darts Championship" – or Lakeside for short.

In the mid 1980’s the BBC television program “Not the 9’O Clock News” did a harsh sketch on darts about "heavy drinking" in the sport, which caused great damage to the image of the game and players.

Although attempts have been made by certain players to rectify the damage, by drinking water on stage during TV broadcasts etc., all ITV coverage of the game was stopped in 1988.

The BBC also cut back on their coverage to the extend that only one major event, the Embassy World Championship was still shown by the early 1990’s

The Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) was established in the United Kingdom during 1992, when a group of 16 leading professional dart players split from the officially-recognized British Darts Organization (BDO). Certain players apparently felt the BDO did not do enough to encourage more new sponsors into the sport, and they also wanted to see more than one major televised event per year.

Interesting Fact

Both the PDC and BDO have World Darts Championship events. The PDC normally have their championship mid December to early January and the BDO from early January onwards.

In 2001 the BBC decided to expand darts coverage by adding the World Masters to their portfolio. Since 2005 viewers have been able to watch every dart thrown live at the World Championships. This was also the year that the BCC introduced interactive coverage via its BBC i service.

Darts are now been watched all over the world with several major tournaments being broadcast around the world.

In November of 2007 ITV also returned to darts after almost 20 years by showing the Grand Slam of Darts. A second PDC tournament was added in October of 2008 with the new European Championship.

Today the British Darts Organization (BDO) comprises of nearly 70 member counties, which organizes tournaments for players at all levels, from grass roots right up to professional level.

The game has also kept up with technology. Electronic dartboards are available with dozens of games build into them and keeping score automatically. Some will even talk to you. All these technological advancement has made the game more popular and much more accessible.

The primary Darts governing bodies are:

The WDF – World Darts Federation
The BDO – British Darts Organization
The PDC – Professional Darts Corporation

With the development of darts, people found tungsten is a type of high-density and durable metal. It’s perfect for making darts. Nowadays, tungsten darts become the professional player’s choice.

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The game of darts was firmly established by the end of World War 1 and many pubs throughout the country had dart teams at that stage. Competitions with substantial prizes were being held on a regular basis and News of the World, a popular British Sunday newspaper, sponsored the first big competition in 1927/28, called the "News of the World Individual Darts Championship". This championship was an overnight hit, with around a 1,000 participants in the first event. News of the World sponsored all the prizes, while the organization was left to the National Darts Association (NDA).

The first competition was held in the metropolitan area of London, but within 3 years, in 1930, the championship expanded to cover most of England.

The game gained huge popularity with the females too, when, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, played a game of darts in a social center in Buckinghamshire, England in 1937.

Such was the popularity of the sport in England and Wales that the number of entrants (participants) for the 1938/39 News of the World competition was in excess of 280,000!. The final event between Jim Pike and Marmaduke Brecon which was held in the Royal Agricultural Hall in London, was attended by a record crowd of 14,534!

The first "People National Team Championships" event was held 1939, which was sponsored by "The People" another U.K. Sunday Newspaper.

Interesting Fact

There was no "News of the World Individual Darts Championship" event until after World War 2. The News of the World Individual Darts Championship title was the dream of every darts player and it wasn’t surprising when the competition was revived in 1947/48, but this time on a national level.

The People National Team Championships also returned after the war.

The NDA (National Darts Association) however, did not revive after World War 2. Although various attempts were made to setup another national controlling agency but nothing materialized until 1954, when through the support of "The People", The National Darts Association of Great Britain (NDAGB) was established.

The game of darts maintained a fairly low profile on a national level during the 1950 and 60’s, but through the excellent organization of the NDAGB, close to 4 million competitors in England alone entered the NODOR Fours competition, sponsored by the Nodor Dartboard Company.

The first darts television broadcast was by Westward Television in 1962 when the Westward TV Invitational was broadcasted to the people in the south-west of England.

During the 1970’s and early 1980’s darts coverage via television skyrocket with many major tournaments being broadcasted on ITV and BBC

The British Broadcaster, Independent Television (ITV), in 1970 broadcasted the News of the World Darts Championship and from 1972, Yorkshire TV (the ITV contractor for the Yorkshire franchise) broadcast the Indoor League darts tournaments.

1973 saw the establishment of the British Darts Organization (BDO) and also the introduction of split-screen technology in television broadcasts, which really boosted darts in Britain. From hereon the popularity of darts grew enormously worldwide.

With a multitude of sponsors and television companies on board, the late 1970s and 1980s saw the first darts household "celebrity" names like Leighton Rees, John Lowe, Alan Evans, Eric Bristow, Jocky Wilson, Tony Brown, Bobby George and Keith Deller.

The Embassy World Darts Championship was promoted the first time on television in 1975. The BDO grew rapidly during this time and in the mid 1980’s had some 30,000 members already and organized over 800 tournaments in a single year.

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The first paper folded dart flight was patented in 1898 by an American and in 1906 an Englishman patented the first metal barrel.

Much is also speculated about the distance from where the darts were thrown, commonly known as the “oche”. (“oche” is pronounced the same as “hockey without the “H”). Other words for "the oche" is the “Throw line” or “Toe Line”. The throwing line is a line that a dart player stands behind when throwing his or her darts.

Two theories exist about the origins of the term “oche”.

The first theory is that the word “oche” had its origin from a brewery in the West Country of England called “Hockey and Sons” or “S.Hockey and Sons”. The original throwing distance for darts was 9 feet. It is said that “Hockey & Sons” delivered bottled beer to pubs which came in wooden crates that were exactly 3 feet long. One English pub owner then made the 9 feet rule by placing three “Hockey & Sons” beer crates (3 x 3 feet) as a distance marker. Many people also believed this is how the phrase “toeing the hockey” came about, which added more validity to this theory.

Sadly it seems this theory is completely untrue, because no record exists anywhere when researching the history of darts in Britain about a brewery called ‘S. Hockey & Sons’ or ‘Hockey & Sons’ for that matter. This was apparently confirmed by the Brewery History Society in the early 1990’s as explained on the website of the darts historian Patrick Chaplin.

The second theory about the origin of the word “oche” also considers “oche” to be derived from the word “hockey”, but from a total different source. An English newspaper, News of the World, sponsored darts competitions in the 1920’s. They used the word “hockey” for the throwing line in their “tournament rules”.

The word “hockey” was derived from an old English word “hocken” which meant “to spit”. It is said that spitting competitions were held in public bars of English public houses, and that the “hockey line” was determined by the distance that a player, standing with his back to the dartboard, could spit from the dartboard

Talking of public houses. In the early 1900’s, legislation prohibited "games of chance" in public houses, and the game of darts was considered to fall in this category.

In 1908, a pub owner from Leeds, Yorkshire, by the name of Foot Anakin was taken to court for allowing people to play darts in his establishment. He decided to challenge this ruling, and offered to prove that darts was not a "game of chance", but a “game of skill”. A dartboard was set up in court and Foot Anakin proved his skill by throwing 3 darts in the number 20. He then challenged any court official to do the same. One of the court clerks decided to take up the challenge and failed. The judge then ruled that darts was in fact a "game of skill" and dismissed the case. This ruling boosted the game even more, which led to more competitions in public houses.

The National Darts Association (NDA) was founded in London during 1924, just as darts became more popular and more recognized as a sport. The NDA standardized the sport and introduced rules and regulations.

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Warming up before league play and tournaments is very important and worth a special paragraph. There have some tips to help you prepare for tungsten dart match.

You should at least do half an hour of concentrated warm up before important league matches or tournaments. E.g. the pros playing the World Championship are warming up for several hours before the match. Eric Bristow used to feel ready for battle only when he got 4 or 5 hours of practice before one single match (which then lasted even shorter than his practice session before). He won the title five times so he seemed to know what he did. Of course such extreme warm up is rarely possible with tournament starts at AM and league nights right after work.

Once you know your most common problems you will develop your own warm up routines, like using tungsten dart hitting each double at least once or twice or playing round the dartboards and so on. Of course warm up is also a situation where you may and should go for increased scoring practice, but still doubles (or trebles for cricket) are more important. If diddle for middle is the rule or if cricket will be played of course bull is important, too.

Remember before the tournament or league it still is solitary that rules! It is especially dangerous here to stick too much to match play for warm up because warm up is a situation where you need to get rid of possible technical problems as soon as possible. This requires your full concentration, and warm up matches are very likely to put your concentration on winning them instead of fighting your problems! You can of course switch to playing them once your feeling and technique are set for the day, but not earlier.
 

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