High density, great hardness and resistance to high temperature make tungsten alloy to be one of the most sought-after materials for shotgun pellets in shooting history.

The density of tungsten alloy is about 18g/cm3, only gold, platinum, and a few other rare metals have a similar density. So it is denser than any other shot material, including lead, steel or bismuth. Comepared with other materirals, the tungsten alloy fly farther, hit harder and penetrate deeper. That means more birds, farther out, with fewer cripples.

Another unique property of tungsten alloy is that it is non-toxic, it is friendly to the environment, so it is safe for people to handle and work with.


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WHAs(tungsten heavy alloys) have been widly used for apparatus and instrument in medical, military and airspace industries.

The majority of current uses for WHAs (tungsten heavy alloys) are best satisfied with the W-Ni-Fe system. Tungsten heavy alloys such as 93W-4.9Ni-2.lFe and 95W-4Ni-lFe represent common compositions. The addition of cobalt to a W-Ni-Fe alloy is a common approach for slight enhancement of both strength and ductility. The presence of cobalt within the alloy provides solid-solution strengthening of the binder and slightly enhanced tungsten-matrix interfacial strength. Cobalt additions of 5 to 15% of the nominal binder weight fraction arc most common.


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In order to create an arc and transfer the welding current to the base material being welded, TIG welding requires the use of a tungsten electrode. Tungsten is a non-consumable electrode that has the highest melting point of any metal (3,410 degrees Celsius or 6,170 degrees Fahrenheit). So in theory it can’t melt, right? Wrong.

One of the most common tungsten troubles is excessive consumption. On AC (alternating current) applications, such as TIG welding aluminum, setting the balance control toward the electrode positive (EP) provides good cleaning action (removal of oxides) around the weld. However, it can also cause the tungsten to melt. The best remedy is to set the balance control toward the electrode negative (EN), as this increases the amount of heat going into the work piece as opposed to the tungsten. Seventy to eighty percent toward the electrode negative is a good range. When TIG welding materials like steel, stainless steel, inconel or other ferrous materials using DC (direct current), also set the power source to the electrode negative mode.

Another cause of excessive tungsten consumption is using too high of amperage for a given diameter of tungsten, regardless of whether it is on an AC or DC application. Always follow the tungsten manufacturer’s recommended operating parameters for the diameter being used.

Finally, incorrect or contaminated shielding gas and loose or cracked hose fittings can all cause excessive tungsten consumption. Take care to use clean, pure Argon and be certain all hoses are intact and fittings are tightened prior to welding.

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Tungsten heavy alloys generally are refractory metal, which have two-phase composites consisting of W-Ni- Fe or W-Ni- Cu or even W-Ni-Cu-Fe, some tungsten alloy is added Co、Mo、Cr, etc. They have very high melting point and have a density twice that of steel and are more than 50% heavier than lead. Tungsten content in conventional heavy alloys varies from 90 to 98 weight percent and is the reason for their high density (between 16.5 and 18.75 g/cc).

Nickel, iron and copper serve as a binder matrix, which holds the brittle tungsten grains together and which makes the alloys ductile and easy to machine. Nickel-iron is the most popular additive, in a ratio of 7Ni:3Fe or 8Ni:2Fe (weight ratio). The conventional processing route for tungsten heavy alloys includes mixing the desired amount of elemental powders, followed by cold pressing and liquid phase sintering to almost full density. The matrix alloy melts and takes some tungsten into solution during liquid phase processing, resulting in a microstructure through which large tungsten grains (20–60µm) are dispersed in the matrix alloy.

The as-sintered material often is subjected to thermo mechanical processing by swaging and aging, which results in increased strength and hardness in the tungsten heavy alloys.


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Since the dawn of tungsten chemistry at the end of the 18th century, coloured tungsten compounds have attracted people.  The first to mention the beauty of yellow tungsten oxide, Rudolf Erick Raspe, had already proposed it as an artist's colour.  Later, Friedrich Wöhler examined the group of colourful tungsten bronzes.

By the end of the 19th century, tungsten salts were used to make coloured cotton fast or washable and to make clothes used for theatrical and other purposes non-inflammable.

In the 1930's, new applications arose in the oil industry for the hydrotreating of crude oils and, in the sixties, new catalysts were invented containing tungsten compounds to treat exhaust gases.

Over the years, however, the amount of tungsten used for these applications has remained small compared to steel, mill products or cemented carbides.

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Tungsten alloys are materials with a high tungsten content and low amounts of NiFe (binder material). They show similar high densities as pure tungsten, but they are much easier to machine.Tungsten Heavy Alloys are characterised in particular by their excellent strength and ductility.

Advantages tungsten heavy alloys:  
  high density from 17.0 to 18.5 g/cm3
  high absorption capacity against X-rays and gamma rays
  good machinability  
  high Young's modulus and very good mechanical properties
  harmless to the health and environment

Application of tungsten heavy alloys:  
  protection shields for nuclear radiation
  counter weights for the engine construction
  aerospace
  mechanical engineering
  fine mechanical technology
  forming
  sports


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Tungsten copper alloy is a powder metallurgical material produced by the means of infiltration with copper contents from 10 to 40% typically 75% tungsten 25% copper, materials are back-cast with copper and can be joined by welding or brazing with various supporting materials.

Advantages of tungsten copper alloy:
  high arc resistance combined with good electrical conductivity
  high thermal conductivity
  low thermal expansion
  back-castable with Cu

Application of tungsten copper alloy:
  arcing contacts in high and medium voltage breakers fortransmission and distribution of electrical power.
  carrier plates or heat sinks as passive cooling elements of electronic devices.
  erosion electrodes for EDM made of Sparkal.
  electrodes for other applications (surge protection, welding, laser  applications)


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The need for a more energy-conscious society in relation to the efficient production and consumption of energy has intensified in past years and will become increasingly important for that society in the future. Currently, worldwide energy use is growing much faster than supply can match. The efficiency of conventional technologies must be improved in order to reduce losses in transmission and distribution of energy, and new strategies and technologies must be developed for “doing more, using less”.

Whatever form such solutions may take in the future, it may be expected that tungsten-based materials and components will play their positive part in meeting these challenges. Tungsten products have contributed in the past in this way, both as functional materials and advanced tools with outstanding properties, and this contribution will not diminish in the near future.

Current discussions on global warming, and the conclusion that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century, have brought calls for reductions in emissions which will demand a more conscientious handling of fossil energy worldwide. The search for alternatives will be intensified, as coal, oil and natural gas reserves become depleted and the need to use existing natural and renewable resources steadily increases.

There is a great opportunity for tungsten-containing products which have strategic importance in the field of fossil energy production, fossil energy or renewable power generation, power transmission and power distribution, because of their outstanding properties.

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Although classified as a rare metal, tungsten is found in most countries and the International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA), a not-for-profit trade association, represents the industry worldwide, with a membership ranging from miners to converters to consumers to traders.

Why tungsten is indispensable to our lives will become apparent from the survey on this website of tungsten’s applications, from mobile phones, circuit boards, dentist drills and light sources, to darts and golf clubs, to huge mining drills, power plants and nuclear reactors, to cars, planes and trains – and to LIFE itself.

The ITIA's website explores a fascinating metal of many superlatives, providing a work of reference to the expert, a comprehensive guide to the student, and an introduction to tungsten to the general public.

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Introduction
The production of the tungsten(VI) oxide from the ores is complicated, and not needed for any UK A level (or equivalent) syllabus. All we are interested in is the final reduction of the oxide to the metal.

Pure tungsten can't be obtained by reducing tungsten(VI) oxide using carbon, because it reacts with carbon to make tungsten carbide. Instead, the reducing agent is hydrogen.
The extraction process

Powdered tungsten(VI) oxide is heated to temperatures in the range 550 - 850°C in a stream of hydrogen.

An excess of hydrogen is used, and this carries away the steam produced during the reaction. The hydrogen is dried and recycled.
Great care obviously has to be taken to keep the whole system free of air to avoid explosion risks with the hydrogen at these high temperatures.
 

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