The uniformity of thermal emission of barium tungsten electrode is the core indicator that determines its performance stability and application effect, and directly affects the working efficiency and life of electronic devices (such as microwave tubes and X-ray tubes). Its uniformity is jointly regulated by multi-dimensional influencing factors such as material composition, preparation process, working environment and surface state.

The mechanical strength of barium tungsten electrodes is the result of the combined effects of material composition, microstructure, preparation process and working environment. To improve the strength, the barium content can be optimized, the grain size can be controlled, the sintering process can be improved, the internal defects can be reduced, and the surface quality can be ensured. In practical applications, each influencing factor needs to be weighed according to the specific conditions of use.

The factors affecting the surface active substances of barium tungsten electrodes can be comprehensively analyzed from multiple dimensions such as material composition, preparation process, working environment, surface treatment, impurity pollution and use time, as follows:

The factors affecting the long-term stability of barium tungsten electrodes and their mechanisms of action are as follows:

1. Material Composition

The surface energy of barium tungsten electrode is affected by many factors such as intrinsic properties of the material (such as barium content, crystal structure), surface state (roughness, oxide layer), environmental conditions (temperature, vacuum degree) and preparation process (heat treatment, surface modification). In practical applications, optimizing these influencing factors can improve the electron emission performance and stability of the electrode.

As a typical product of the transition metal molybdenum, a molybdenum boat, also known as an evaporation molybdenum boat or coating molybdenum boat, is made from molybdenum sheets or molybdenum-based alloys through welding or high-temperature stamping. It serves as a critical sintering carrier for molybdenum powder and other metal powders, with its English name being "molybdenum boat".

As a key component made from the transition metal molybdenum (with purity exceeding 99.95%), a molybdenum electrode—known as "molybdenum electrode" in English—shares physicochemical properties highly similar to pure molybdenum. Its typical diameter ranges from 20 mm to 152.4 mm, and its length can extend up to 1,500 mm. Notably, a molybdenum electrode differs significantly from a tungsten electrode in both shape and application.

Molybdenum copper sheet is a composite material made from metallic molybdenum (Mo) and copper (Cu) through powder metallurgy or infiltration processes. Due to its excellent thermal, electrical, and chemical properties, it is widely used in many fields: in electronics for chip packaging substrates, power device heat sinks, and microwave device heat dissipaters; in aerospace for high-temperature components of spacecraft and satellite communication antenna substrates; and also in medical equipment as heat dissipation parts for superconducting magnets.

Molybdenum copper sheet is an alloy material mainly composed of metallic molybdenum (Mo) and copper (Cu). It is formed through powder metallurgy, infiltration, and other processes to create a functional material with synergistic properties. Its microstructure typically shows a uniform distribution of molybdenum and copper phases or a composite form where copper fills the molybdenum skeleton. From a materials science perspective, molybdenum copper sheet combines the high melting point and low thermal expansion coefficient of molybdenum with the high thermal and electrical conductivity of copper. By adjusting the composition ratio and manufacturing process, the performance can be tailored to meet special requirements in different fields.

Ammonium metatungstate powder (molecular formula H₂₈N₆O₄₁W₁₂, AMT), as a key intermediate in tungsten chemical industry, exhibits a white appearance resulting from the combined effects of its molecular structure, electronic transition characteristics, and crystal physical morphology.