Depleted uranium (DU) and heavy-metal tungsten alloys (HMTAs) are dense heavy-metals used primarily in military applications. Chemically similar to natural uranium, but depleted of the higher activity 235U and 234U isotopes, DU is a low specific activity, high-density heavy metal. In contrast, the non-radioactive HMTAs are composed of a mixture of tungsten (91-93%), nickel (3-5%), and cobalt (2-4%) particles. The use of DU and HMTAs in military munitions could result in their internalization in humans.

Limited data exist .however, regarding the long-term health effects of internalized DU and HMTAs in humans. Both DU and HMTAs possess a tumorigenic transforming potential and are genotoxic and mutagenic in vitro. Using insoluble DU-UO2 and a reconstituted mixture of tungsten, nickel, cobalt (rWNiCo), we tested their ability to induce stress genes in thirteen different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). The commercially available CAT-Tox (L) cellular assay consists of a panel of cell lines stably transfected with reporter genes consisting of a coding sequence for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) under transcriptional control by mammalian stress gene regulatory sequences. DU, (5-50 microg/ml) produced a complex profile of activity demonstrating significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA FOS, p53RE, Gadd153, Gadd45, NFkappaBRE, CRE, HSP70, RARE, and GRP78 promoters. The rWNiCo mixture (5-50 microg/ml) showed dose-related induction of the GSTYA, hMTIIA, p53RE, FOS, NFkappaBRE, HSP70, and CRE promoters.

An examination of the pure metals, tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co), comprising the rWNiCo mixture, demonstrated that each metal exhibited a similar pattern of gene induction, but at a significantly decreased magnitude than that of the rWNiCo mixture. These data showed a synergistic activation of gene expression by the metals in the rWNiCo mixture.

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China tungsten is famous for its high reserve of the world tungsten. China has approximately 85% of the world’s primary tungsten and 65% of the world tungsten reserve. Today, we will talk about tungsten in China.

Tungsten is important in our daily life and has a wide range of applications. Except for tungsten being used as filament in light bulbs, tungsten also is incorporated into wear-resistant materials to be used in metal working, mining, petroleum, construction industry, stainless and full alloy steels. Tungsten can be applied to manufacture jet engines, high temperature resistant alloys. Tungsten also has strategic applications in the defense sector.

What makes tungsten get people’s attention? It is tungsten chemical properties that contribute to the deversity of its applications. Tungsten is one metal we use and rely on in our daily life. So tungsten in China is considered to be strategic.

Tungsten supply remains tight with China controlling 65% of world tungsten reserves. China’s ability to influence the tungsten market becomes evident. When China unexpectedly curtailed its tungsten exports in 1963, tungsten price saw a three-fold increase.

Tungsten in China has a special meaning and is widely used.

Over more than 20 years of export experience have taught us that it takes variety to attract customers. That’s why we offer a wide range of refractory metal products in various shapes and sies. For more information, contact us today!
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Tungsten carbide end mill is widely use for many fields.An end mill is a tool used by a milling machine to make a specific cut. End mills have multiple uses and perform many jobs.

Perhaps the most versatile machine in just about any shop, an end mill on a milling machine can perform many tasks.

While they cannot cut square holes, end mills can cut blind holes, bevel edges, flat edges, make holes and create cylinders.


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As we all know, tungsten alloy have good mechanical properties and physical properties. Otherwise, tungsten alloy also has been adopted as shielding materials in nuclear industry for its high density.

In nuclear industry, lead is major material for nuclear radiation shielding. However, the density of lead is only 11.3g/cm³,so its shielding performance is not so good. While tungsten heavy alloy material has high density and good absorption for ray. The performance of radiation shielding is higher than lead by 30% to 40%. The wall thickness of container of radioactive sources which is made by high-density tungsten heavy alloy is only 1/2 to 2/3 of lead.  So, tungsten is an ideal material for nuclear fuel reservoir and radiation shielding.

Currently, tungsten heavy alloy sheets are used for protecting device so that protect patients from damage of radiation during the inspection of X-ray. Very thin tungsten alloy plates whose thickness is below 2mm after precisely machining have been widely used for collimator and detector which are key components of medical CT machine, highly improving accuracy of diagnosis.

Meanwhile, W-Ni-Fe alloy have high melting point, good tenacity of impact, high elongation and low yield strength. Tungsten can be used for composite metal materials which can guarantee instrument operating when atomic energy is exploding. What's more, tungsten alloy can be also used as simulation materials which are used for defining data for nuclear warhead and design of nuclear reactor.

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This article is going to talk about special meaning of tungsten.

Due to unique properties and irreplaceable purposes in broad fields, tungsten is an important rare metal that has a special strategic significance. For China, tungsten is one of mineral resources that has the most dominant position in the world.

Tungsten and tungsten alloys are widely used in iron and steel industry, equipment manufacturing industry, information industry, electric power, petrochemical, aerospace and military fields. Hard alloy in which the tungsten carbide is the main raw material is known as the "industrial teeth". Hard alloy is extremely important functional material in modern industrial, defense application and new and high technology application. In China's national economy, tungsten plays a very important role.

Because the strategic position of tungsten, major industrial countries classify tungsten as strategic reserve, particularly the United States, Japan. Other developed countries are on the increase in tungsten reserves.

China's tungsten reserves, production, trade and consumption all reside the first in the world. Along with fast and steady growth of our economy,  our tungsten consumption receives steady growth and consumption of tungsten resources get rapid.

Nowadays, international situation is full of wind of change and uncertainties of developing global economy are increasing. Special meaning of tungsten requires us increase tungsten strategic national stockpile (includes tungsten resourcSpecial Meaning of Tungstenes and tungsten product).
 

 
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Wooden Dartboard  

Dartboard is made ​​of corkwood or elm in early days, maintenance is a trouble for the wooden dartboard , it needs to take dartboard into water every evening in case of deforming caused by drying. Now it is hard to find the wooden dartboard but in some very particular bar in occident.

Paper Dartboard

Paper dartboard is made by tightly rolled paper with iron straps outside, it is one of the cheapest dartboards.

Flocking Dartboard

The main gasket material of flocking dartboard is also the paper, the difference is flocking dartboard embedded with a layer of fiber on the surface compared with paper dartboard, and this type dartboard is characterized by economy and beauty.

Magnetic Dartboard

Magnetic dartboard is made of iron, so all magnetic darts do not have tips, there is a piece of flat magnet at the top of the dart. This kind of dart is safer, and it will not hurt people or destroy furniture and wall when play.

Bristle Dartboard

Bristle dartboard is the most popular and best quality dartboard nowadays, it is also the appointed dartboard for regular games. Bristle dartboard is made ​​of sisal fiber. The high quality bristle dartboard made in UK is adopting sisal hemp mainly from Kenya in Africa, and the material of bristle dartboard made in China are from Hainan, so bristle dartboard is commonly called as Joan Hemp dartboard by many people. Compared to other dartboards, it is more complicated to produce a bristle dartboard, first, processed sisal into compacted shapes by more than 10 tons high pressure, and then reinforce with iron straps outside. Therefore, a good bristle dartboard is with moderate hardness, when pull out darts from the dartboard, the hole can close automatic, so its life time much longer than dartboard made by other materials.

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Dart throwing is done with the arm. Do not move the body or shoulder during the throw. The elbow is fixed when pulling the dart back, but raised slightly when the dart is flung forward. This allows the hand to better follow the trajectory of the dart. Many experts use a wrist snap that makes the entire movement of the arm rather like the crack of a whip. This imparts speed to the dart. However, it is an advanced movement and may degrade accuracy for the beginner.

Some beginners do not pull back the dart when throwing. This is a mistake as it makes it difficult to get enough acceleration from the dart to reach the board with accuracy. Also it is important to follow through. One way to do this is end the throw by leaving the throwing arm extended with the hand pointing at the target. Try to avoid the dart wobbling in flight. This is usually caused by the dart being thrown at too much of an angle to the path of flight. The dart flights attempt to correct, and this causes the wobbling motion.

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A good dart throw begins with a good stance. It is best to align the body so that the throwing arm is forward. A right handed dart thrower will want his or her right foot next to the toe line. The body, should be aligned from 45 to 90 degrees from the toe line, with the opposite foot back. If the opposite foot is forward the thrower will have to sling the dart across the body. This makes for a longer throw. Also throws become awkward when the body is parallel to the oche.

Next it is important to develop a consistent grip. Probably the easiest grip for most beginners will be the pencil grip as this is familiar. However, the dart may be gripped in a variety of ways. The key is to use the thumb to push the dart against two or more fingers. Keep the point stabilized and pointed slightly upward. The dart, no matter how hard it is thrown (because of gravity) is going to travel in an arc.

Take advantage of this arc. Throw the dart so that its trajectory is along an arcing path. The amount of arc will depend upon the speed of the throw. The angle of arc will accelerate as the dart begins to drop, so a certain amount of impetus must be given in order to make accurate throws. To maintain the highest accuracy, the thrower should not make extreme variations in flight speed or grip. Continuous practice with a particular style and speed will allow the thrower to gauge where the throw will strike the board based on the angle of the throw to the oche and the angle of release.

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The two most popular games played by dart players around the world are "301" and "Cricket". 301 is the most obvious. Each side begins with 301 points and throws their darts in an effort to reduce their score to zero.

Before points may count a player must first hit a double. The score is then quickly reduced toward zero. The real skill comes in at the end of the game when a player must throw a double or bull's eye that reduces the final score exactly to zero. Any series of three throws (one turn) that would reduce the score beyond zero do not count.

Each game is considered one leg. The match is won when two out of three games are won.

Cricket is a more intricate game requiring more throwing skill and strategy. It is played using primarilly the numbers 15 through 20 and the bull's eyes.

At the begining 15 through 20 and the bull's eye are eligible to be opened. To open a number, a player or team must score three of that number (any combination of singles doubles and triples). Once a team opens a number every subsequent score on that number increases the score for the team. The opposing team may not score on that number. But may attempt to close it by getting three scores on that number.

For example side A scores once on 17. He gets no points but his score accumulates. Side B scores four times on 17 (a double and two singles). The first three scores open the number for B. The fourth score gives B 17 points. Now A strikes 17 three times. The number is now closed for everyone. A gets no points, but does have the satisfaction of not allowing B to get any more points on 17.

In attempting to open and close the bull's eye, the inner is counted as a double and the outer is counted as a single bull.

The game ends when all of the numbers are closed off. However, it may be declared over sooner if the player in the lead closes all posibility of the other side scoring.

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For obvious reasons, darts is not a game recommended for young children. Careless handling of a dart can result in serious injury. The dart tip is weighted and pointed and capable of penetrating wood. For this reason traditional darts is actually not allowed in drinking establishments in some states, provinces, and municipalities.

The procedure for throwing a dart is to not throw if any person happens to be forward of the oche or toe line. This not only prevents injury, but also excludes interference of the throw. Rough-housing with darts in hand can also be very dangerous no matter how good the thrower believes he or she may be.

A person injured by a dart should, of course, seek medical attention. Serious wounds, such as those of the eye or other face wounds may require a call for an ambulance.

If players keep these precautions in mind, many hours of fun can be had in the game of darts. There are available, boards made of plastic and rubber that accept a quality rubber tipped dart. Some of these boards are electronic and will even keep score for the players.

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