Tungsten (W) is mainly in the W⁺⁶ oxidation state in most W oxides, with six oxygen atoms surrounding each W atom in an octahedral configuration. In oxidized tungsten (WO₃), these octahedra are arranged in a split-angle configuration. In reduced oxides (WO_j, 2 < x < 3), complex combinations of WO₆ octahedra in split-angle, split-edge, and split-face arrangements are frequently found. The WO₄ tetrahedra and WO₇ pentagonal dihedra, which are frequently found in fully oxidized and partially reduced compounds, respectively, add to the complexity of the crystal geography of these compounds.

Recently, researchers from the Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment clarified the doses of molybdenum (Mo), lithium, and tungsten (W) for inhalation toxicity and evaluated the genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of these three elements.

Molybdenum (Mo) is a refractory metal with a melting point of 2620°C. It hosts a small coefficient of expansion, high electrical conductivity, and good thermal conductivity. It does not react with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and alkaline solutions at room temperature, and is only soluble in nitric acid, aqua regia, or concentrated sulfuric acid. Therefore, Mo and its alloys have a wide range of applications and good prospects. In this article, we will describe 6 uses of Mo.

Recently, a research team from the Russian Academy of Sciences has successfully prepared tungsten carbide (WC) powder in this study by synthesizing bimodal tungsten powder by electrical explosion of wire (EEW) method and investigated the carburization process of EEW bimodal tungsten powder.