Tungsten tailings are solid waste discharged from tungsten-bearing minerals in tungsten ores. China's tungsten resources have very low taste and few rich ores, and only 20% of the tungsten grade (WO₃) is greater than 0.5%. As a result, a large number of tungsten tailings are produced in the process of beneficiation.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are important atmospheric pollutants that can cause environmental problems such as acid rain and photochemical smog, as well as direct damage to the human respiratory system. In addition, it also has an important contribution to the increasingly serious ash pollution in our country. Therefore, effective control of NOx emissions is a major strategic need in China.

As a phase change compound, vanadium dioxide (VO2) undergoes a transition from a high temperature tetragonal phase to a low temperature monoclinic phase at around 68 ° C. 

Ceramic material is one of the most promising materials because of its excellent properties such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and wear resistance. However, the brittleness of ceramic materials has been restricting its further development.