Now that the economy is collapsing, investors are becoming more interested in gold. Here's an item from PopSci that says it wouldn't be too difficult to make convincing fake gold bars out of gold-plated tungsten (which costs $30 a pound compared to $12,000 a pound for gold).

start with a tungsten slug about 1/8-inch smaller in each dimension than the gold bar you want, then cast a 1/16-inch layer of real pure gold all around it. This bar would feel right in the hand, it would have a dead ring when knocked as gold should, it would test right chemically, it would weigh *exactly* the right amount, and though I don't know this for sure, I think it would also pass an x-ray fluorescence scan, the 1/16" layer of pure gold being enough to stop the x-rays from reaching any tungsten. You'd pretty much have to drill it to find out it's fake.   

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Tungsten alloy shot is used as the shot for shotgun hunting shells. The pellets spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets, which means that the energy of any one ball of shot is fairly low. Tungsten alloy shot can be used by Benelli M4.

The Benelli M4 is an Italian semi-automatic shotgun manufactured by Benelli Armi SpA.

The Benelli M4 was the first gas-operated shotgun produced by Benelli. Its function is designed around an entirely new method called the "auto regulating gas operated" (ARGO) system. The ARGO system on the Benelli M4 opened the door for Benelli's development of the R1 rifle line. The design uses two stainless-steel self-cleaning pistons located just ahead of the chamber to function opposite the rotating bolt, thereby eliminating the need for the complex mechanisms found on other gas-actuated automatics. Benelli accomplishes this level of reliability through the simplicity of the mechanism. The ARGO is a short-stroke system that incorporates only four parts. It consists of two symmetrical shrouds containing two small steel gas pistons.

Tungsten alloy shot is used as the shot for shotgun hunting shells. The pellets spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets, which means that the energy of any one ball of shot is fairly low. Tungsten alloy shot can be used by FP6.

FP6 is a pump-action combat shotgun that was manufactured by the Italian firearms company Fabbrica Bresciana Armi S.p.A. (FABARM) and merchandised by Heckler & Koch. It was intended for civilian and law enforcement use.

Tungsten alloy shot has high density and high hardness, so FP6 has good performance with tungsten alloy shot.



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Cerium Tungsten Electrodes Applications

Cerium tungsten electrode material in addition to the welding , plasma arc welding , displaced thorium tungsten electrode , the plasma cutting , plasma spraying , plasma melting the application effect is satisfactory . In addition, as the pump laser light source to cerium tungsten electrodes after replacing thoriated tungsten electrodes , so that the light source efficiency by about 12% , life expectancy increased by 5 to 10 times. In the electric light , for small and medium power xenon lamp has been used cerium tungsten electrodes , the electric vacuum , cerium tungsten material as the sealing member having a good use of effects .

Cerium Tungsten Electrodes Problems And Trends

Although cerium tungsten electrode material in a small tungsten electrodes for welding specifications had succeeded in replacing thoriated tungsten , but as AC welding electrodes and high-power xenon lamps and other aspects of the cathode gas discharge light source material , the use of cerium tungsten electrodes with thorium performance and life tungsten compared to the peaks and valleys are still unstable situation . Further, since the cerium has a high vapor pressure , and thus as the cathode material , there are still fast decay , poor stability . Thus in these areas are still using thorium tungsten electrode material .

With the progress and development of modern industry , welding, cutting the base material of the species, size and shape of the increasingly numerous , but in the field of welding is the rise since the resumption shou automatic welding , a series of new high- precision welding technology, the electrode materials and arc features a higher and more demanding requirements. Thorium tungsten , cerium tungsten electrode material , whether in arc starting , stable arc burning resistance or in terms of performance are unable to meet the growing requirements of welding technology . To this end , national science and technology workers are working on a new type of electron-emitting material . Studies have shown that adding tungsten matrix lanthanum or yttrium and other rare earth oxides , can greatly improve the ability of tungsten electron emission , especially lanthanum tungsten electrode material , from small to large current current range , all with excellent arc, arc stability and resistance to burning performance. Japan in the late 1980s has been able to mass production of rare earth tungsten electrode material , shortly thereafter , China has successfully developed . It is anticipated that this new type of electron emission materials will be involved in many industrial fields , use more widely, promising .


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China started to develop in the 1970s, cerium tungsten electrode material , after nearly 10 years of production practice , the production process tends to be stable and mature , in the early 1980s , the country and internationally cerium tungsten electrode material for the production of patents. In the production process , how to make a tungsten doped ceria -based in vivo distribution and dispersion , the electrode is to improve the electron emission capability , improved arc performance , extend the life of one of the important factors . Therefore, the choice of raw materials , usually by blue tungsten oxide or doped tungsten oxide , and the doping agent is not used directly cerium oxide , instead of using the soluble salts such as cerium chloride or cerium nitrate . This aqueous solution as the mother liquor , add inwards blue tungsten trioxide or tungsten , during the addition , the heating and stirring continuously , and concentrated by evaporation to form a coating powder. Doping can also be an aqueous solution of cerium nitrate, cerium chloride or spray containing tungsten blue oxide powder, tungsten or a special container ( heat while rotating ) . The powder doped must be heated to a certain temperature , the salts decompose to form cerium oxide particles distributed in the tungsten trioxide powder, tungsten or blue on the surface of the particles , and then after hydrogen reduction , to obtain W-CeO2 powder. CeO2 content of 1% to 4%, selected according to requirements . Doped powder after molding, burn , vertical melt , get cerium tungsten billet , see doped tungsten its production process , but its swaged temperature slightly higher for 1500 ~ 1600 ℃.

As the electrode material , the level of electron work function is the amount of material raft electron emission performance is an important indicator of good or bad . Only a low electron work function , in order to meet the arc stability, focus , load current density process performance requirements. Experiments show that cerium tungsten electrodes with thorium tungsten electrode is lower than the electron work function ( pure tungsten electron work function of 4.55eV, W-2% ThO2 is 2.7eV, W-2% CeO2 is 2.4eV ) , this electrode material than thoriated tungsten electrode has greater advantages . First , cerium tungsten electrodes electron emission capability , easy to get a slim arc , so that the heat is more concentrated , the allowable current density thoriated tungsten electrodes increased by 5 % to 8% . Secondly , cerium tungsten electrodes burning rate, long life , easy to arc initiation and stability are guaranteed . Again , cerium tungsten electrodes radioactive dose is very low, and only about one thousandth of thorium tungsten materials , the equivalent radiation dose earth soil . So instead of using cerium tungsten electrodes thorium tungsten electrode , not only can eliminate the production and use of human cumulative internal radiation hazards, and eliminating radioactive contamination of the environment , but also in technical performance and the results are also able to replace thoriated tungsten electrodes , Some properties even superior than thorium tungsten material .


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A plastic and metal powder produced by the method for processing a certain amount of the tungsten oxide of cerium (≤ 4%) of the electrode material . Cerium tungsten electrode material is a non-radioactive electrode material , it is since the 1950s to replace the radioactive thorium tungsten electrode material and gradually developed . This electrode material in an inert gas shielded arc welding and plasma welding , cutting, etc. has been widely applied .

Thorium tungsten electrode is used to start the early 1950s , it was added in tungsten ≤ 3% of thorium oxide . This material has a high electron emission capability , resistance to burning and arcing good performance ; However, because thorium is radioactive elements in the production, storage and use of the process prone to radioactive pollution, endangering human health , and thus from the mid-1950s , people have carried out research work on behalf of thorium materials . In 1956, the United States Lewis (A.Louis) conducted directly in the metal tungsten powder, 0.5 to 3.0% cerium oxide powder of testing, and then compacts melt down , rotary forging of welding electrodes . Two years later he cerium oxide content is reduced to 0.01% to 0.30% , so that the processing performance is improved. U.S. 1965 Herman (J.Hermann) using fine tungsten powder pressed into a pure green , green , or after this billet burn- soaked in a solution of rare earth salt , to achieve doping by imbibition , followed by sintering, according to the conventional method swaged to the desired diameter . 1967 ROMON Ivanov (V.N.Romonov) developed a 1% cerium oxide containing cerium tungsten material , the preparation process is: under 800 ~ 850 ℃ calcined ammonium paratungstate, tungsten trioxide , and the cerium nitrate an aqueous solution of a salt or oxide incorporated in the suspension of tungsten trioxide , tungsten trioxide and then doped with hydrogen good a reduced tungsten powder . Ethanol and glycerol mixture after a pressure of 600MPa into a 9mm × 9mm × 400mm billet bar , after burn-in and vertical melt , the billet of CeO2 content of 0.87% , when the swaging process , the heating temperature for the 1475 ~ 1500 ℃.


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Cerium oxide is added tungsten, cerium tungsten electrodes produced. Specific data is as follows:

Other grades dopant doping doping electron work function color coating head
WC 0 ceria 2 1.80 ~ 2.20% <0.20% 2.7 ~ 2.8 gray

Cerium tungsten thorium tungsten material than has the following advantages:

* Non radiative * Low melting rate * Long life * Good welding arc resistance. Therefore, cerium tungsten is a low current welding environment thorium tungsten best substitute.
Cerium tungsten electrodes are used in low current DC welding.

Cerium tungsten at low current with excellent arc performance, thus becoming mostly rail pipe welding equipment manufacturer's standard, in addition, it is also used for other low-current applications such as precision small parts welding.

Cerium tungsten is not suitable for applications under high current conditions, because in this condition, the oxide will be quickly moved to the heat zone, the tip of the welding electrode, so that the uniformity of the oxide damage, which due to oxidation uniform distribution of matter brought these benefits will cease to exist.


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Cerium Tungsten Electrodes Advantages

Cerium tungsten electrode has the advantage of no radiation, melting rate, long life. Cerium tungsten electrodes at low current welding under the best products but also for other low currents as small and complex parts of the welding. Cerium tungsten electrodes having a tungsten electrode performance and environmental value of this, cerium tungsten electrode tip color is gray.

Cerium tungsten electrode and thoriated tungsten electrode has the following advantages: a slight thorium tungsten radiation, they are to a high current condition in order to run. However, cerium tungsten electrodes are non-radiation welding materials, and can be run at low current.

Cerium tungsten electrodes can replace thoriated tungsten electrodes. Another cerium tungsten electrodes chemical properties, and their cathode spot is small, the pressure drop, no burning, so the arc welding is the most widely used.

The Use of Cerium Tungsten Electrodes

For DC or AC welding, especially in the small current pipeline on rail, small precision parts welded best results. Mainly used in steel, stainless steel, silicon brass, copper, bronze, titanium and other materials, welding, but there is a slight radioactive contamination.


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Cerium Tungsten Electrode Characteristics

Cerium tungsten electrodes in the early 1980s, introduced to the United States , as a non- radioactive tungsten electrodes to replace thoriated tungsten . Cerium tungsten electrodes which usually contains 2% cerium oxide. Known cerium tungsten electrodes at a low voltage , for DC welding , because the low voltage arc easily in the job to be lower than 10% thoriated tungsten . For pipe welding , cerium tungsten electrodes are the most popular , also commonly used to weld small parts. And compared to pure tungsten electrodes , cerium tungsten electrodes have a lower rate of combustion or evaporation rate . With increasing the content of cerium oxide , these advantages are increased. Ce has the highest mobility , and thus the time at the beginning of welding , the welding performance is very good . Over time , the grain growth , the migration rate will be significantly reduced. However, at low voltages , a longer life than the thoriated tungsten electrode . Because of these characteristics, tend to favor short-cycle welding or soldering specific amount before you replace the electrode . High current, voltage tungsten electrode welding is best to use thorium or lanthanum tungsten electrode . Cerium tungsten electrodes (EWCe-2) successfully used for DC or AC on , but mainly for DC welding, because the AC welding, easy to split .

Cerium tungsten electrodes packaging requirements : 10 / plastic box , the length is 150mm or 175mm, 1000只per carton .


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Lanthanum tungsten electrodes is already the internationally popular electrode materials, especially the content is 1.5% ( with a content of 2.0% difference) lanthanum tungsten electrode . Scientific research study showed that 1.5% lanthanum tungsten, tungsten thorium with the nearest 2.0% demonstrated conductive properties, therefore , welding personnel can easily replace the electrode , rather than replace the device parameters. In 1998 there is a very famous field trials , is to 2.0% thoriated tungsten electrodes , 2.0% cerium tungsten electrodes and two vendors 1.5% lanthanum tungsten electrodes at 70 Ann 150 amps , 300 volts DC environment for welding tasks , the fruit is , in both cases , 1.5% lanthanum tungsten electrodes have demonstrated its excellent welding performance , but also reflects its small burn rate characteristics. Lanthanum tungsten electrode is also suitable for AC welding tasks , and performance excellence.

Lanthanum tungsten electrode welding because of its good performance in the international welding industry concern. Lanthanum tungsten electrode conductivity closest WT20 thorium tungsten electrode . Therefore , welders welding operation without changing any program can use this convenient alternative thorium tungsten electrode electrode . This shift , whether in exchange conditions or under DC conditions are easier. Another advantage of lanthanum tungsten electrode performance at its current high durability and burning the minimum rate .


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