Tungsten Trioxide Nano Plate Catalyst to Improve Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

Solar energy is a very attractive green energy refers to solar thermal radiation, which the main manifestation is often said of sun's rays, and generally used in modern power generation or to provide energy for water heater. In the case of diminishing fossil fuels, solar energy has become an important part of human use of energy, and continues to develop. The usage of solar energy can be divided into two ways of photothermal conversion and photoelectric conversion, and solar power is an emerging renewable energy. However, for enhancing the solar energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity is still a long way to go.

tungsten trioxide photosolar cell picture
 
Recently, researchers from the University of Twente have found that chemical conversion of solar energy can be greatly accelerated by coating platinum particles on a special nano-plate. This nano flat catalyst is based on the tungsten trioxide nano-sized crystal structure which has a strong absorption capacity of light, to deposit the stronger light absorbance of platinum particles on the active surface of tungsten oxide through a special technique, thus greatly improve the solar energy conversion efficiency. Although this particular technology is not yet mature, and platinum coated particles can not be evenly distributed in the surface of the substrate, but the idea has provided a huge boost for the development of solar cells.
 
Tungsten trioxide (WO3), yellow powder, is an N-type transition metal semiconductor material, with special electrochromic, photochromic, gasochromic, gas sensitive and catalytic properties to be widely used in high-tech field. Tungsten trioxide has a wide range of applications in the catalyst, i.e. as a co-catalyst in SCR denitration catalyst, to play the role of anti-sulfur poisoning of catalyst, anti-sintering of the carrier; in the photocatalytic field, tungsten trioxide photocatalyst exhibits excellent performance in hydrogen production and oxygen evolution, and organic matter degradation by means of doping rare earth metals, composite semiconductors ect..

 

Tungsten Carbide International Fair will be Unveiled at Shanghai

Tungsten carbide 2016 Shanghai International Expo area of ​​30,000 square meters, is expected to reach more than 500 domestic and foreign exhibitors, professional audience of 30,000 people attended the Shanghai International Expo tungsten carbide is the tungsten carbide areas set product launches, technology exchange and business cooperation in one of the professional event.

1. The establishment of an international brand exhibition, high-tech products, technology, the first to release
Many well-known manufacturers at the show site will publish new equipment, new technology, new materials, allowing you to buy better assessment; open the current Shanghai International Expo Exhibitors List Tungsten carbide, we clearly feel Shanghai International Hard alloy Expo brand cohesion remains unsurpassed: Chinese and Japanese Han Qicheng more than well-known brands, as well as a growing number of overseas famous brand in here, both industry leaders, have extraordinary potential rookie. Include: Kim Shin Zigong, Zhuzhou Lihua, accessible Zhuzhou, Zhuzhou Maoxiang, Zhuzhou Kim Shin, Xiamen Tungsten, Jiujiang spoonbills, Renqiu forward, Shanghai Grand Holcim law, Yueqing source, the Shanghai Research Institute of Materials, Jinan metallurgy Sciences Co., Ltd., Hai Keli special alloy tool and die development Co., Ltd., Taiwan and the United States Yang technology, Xin Matilda, Hunan Dingli technology Co., Ltd., Weihai Wei hard, German PTV, Chen Hao Shanghai composite materials Co., Ltd., Shenyang Heng Jin vacuum Technology Co., Ltd. SGL specialty graphite (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., France Kay Pu Technology Group Shanghai office, Shanghai Oriental carbon Co., Germany Conner KonradFriedrichsTungsten carbide (KFC), Tokai carbon Yao and many other well-known enterprises.

tungsten carbide products2. "Three Exhibition Linkage" comprehensive interpretation of the metal processing industry chain event
Shanghai International Expo tungsten carbide through continuous upgrading of hardware and software, to optimize the structure of display, in October this year the show will be a new attitude in full bloom, become more popular Tungsten carbide industry event! Tungsten carbide Shanghai International Expo, Shanghai International cutting tools and equipment Exhibition and Shanghai international Exhibition abrasive grinding processing technology exhibition three linkage, will be held in Shanghai World Expo Exhibition October 11.

3. Professional forum the industry heavyweight mystery guest to visit the site
Over the same period will be held 2016CCME finishing Technology Forum and Shanghai International abrasive grinding technology seminars, conferences and adhere to the public nature of dry-based technology, is committed to providing various forms of flexible integration to share trends, the development of Internet technology and the latest developments, assess the latest trends in technology and operations; for technical, research and development personnel, business operators to explore new ideas, look for effective research.

4. 300 domestic and foreign media, broadcast throughout the show dynamic
Shanghai International Expo tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide gathered 300 domestic user industry media reached a strategic cooperation to form a public authority magazines, newspapers, websites, television in one powerful propaganda line-up, with the professional league to reach interactive media, publicity and promotion efforts Show information, to achieve aggregation of dissemination of information, to attract more audiences and downstream industry professionals attending the event, exchange, purchase.

Tungsten carbide 2016CCME Shanghai International Fair will be adhering to the "professionalism, effectiveness, quality, service" four exhibition service standards, more effort to build the field of Tungsten carbide exclusive event.

 

Incandescent Lamp Ending, LED Lamp New Era

In China, eyes of the night over several decades, incandescent lamps announce its ending on Oct. 1, 2016. The announcement of “China Phases out Incandescent Lamp Timeline” by Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China says China will forbidden import and sale incandescent lamp over 15W since Oct. 1, 2016.

incandescant lamp image

I Incandescent lamp phasing out timeline

Nov. 1, 2011 ~ Sep. 30, 2012
Transition period. The importer, seller shall be prepared working on elimination in accordance with the requirements of the government.

Oct. 1, 2012
The importing and selling of incandescent lamps over 100W are forbidden.

Oct. 1, 2014
The importing and selling of incandescent lamps over 60W are forbidden.

Oct. 1, 2015 ~ Sep. 30, 2016
Mid-evaluation period, based on the preliminary policy evaluation, the adjustment policy will be issued.

Oct. 1, 2016
The importing and selling of incandescent lamps over 15W are forbidden.

LED takes over incandescent lamp image

II Policy issuing

In Second half of 2006, the International Energy Agency released a report on the global lighting energy use noted that in 2005, total consumption of incandescent power terminal is 970 billion degrees, accounting for 37% of the global lighting electricity, equivalent to the carbon dioxide emissions of about 5.6 one hundred million tons. If the lamp phases out since 2008, it saves 38% of electricity for lighting until 2030, equaling to the cumulative reduction of 16.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

Australia has been the first country to issue incandescent lamps phasing out plan in Feb. 2007. New Zealand, Germany, Portuguese and other tens of countries are put forward the same plan. So is China in 2011.

LED takes over incandescent lamps picture

III LED lamps taking over incandescent lamps

LED lamp and energy-saving lamps have taken over the ineffient lamps and have been the main force in lighting industry. The manufacturing cost has been decreasing a lot since 2011 for the increasing quantity used in families. In order to improve the use of LED lamps, government subsidies, discount provided, offered as premiums. Hard work pays off. The LED use rate is going up from under 10% in 2011 to 32% in 2015. it is expected to be 50% in 2020.

tungsten and molybdenum products in LED wafer growth furnace picture

IV Will Incandescent lamps over filaments

Incandescent lamps are one of the main applications of tungsten filament. However, the ending in China will promote the exporting of filaments and lamps. Meanwhile, tungsten wire will create its new application areas, but not limits in inefficient lamps.

V Popular use of LED will increase the apply of tungsten and molybdenum products

Due to the universal of LED lamps, the furnace to growing LED sapphire wafers consumption will increase to a new high. At the same time, tungsten and molybdenum products, including crucibles, heating elements, heating field, sheet shield, will be required in a large number. Thus, an ending era of incandescent lamps is a new start for tungsten and molybdenum materials.

 

Tungsten Alloy Warhead Pushes R& D of Loitering Missile

tungsten alloy warhead imagetungsten alloy warhead image

The new concept of ammunition is one type of organic combined products from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology and ammunition technology, which has strike, correspondent, target, monitor and other air alert functions.

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Latest Research for Non-volatile Memory Device Uses WO3

Not long ago, James M. Tour of Rice University group by anodic treatment to obtain a flexible nano-porous (NP) WO3-xRRAM at room temperature. The Task Force found that the flexibility of NP WO3-x RRAM exhibits bipolar switching property and high Ion/Ioff ratio (approximately 105); at the same time, this device has a stable holding time (more than 5×105s) and excellent pole uniformity between the elements; besides, in the conditions of flat or the maximum bending, the degrees of resistance to bending are more than 103 cycles. Research indicates, the flexible resistive memory (RRAM) has a great prospect in the future non-volatile memory device, this time the discovery of ACS nano flexible WO3-x non-volatile memory device becomes the latest research of tungsten trioxide (WO3) in non-volatile memory device, and expanding the application fields of WO3.
 
WO3 in nonvolatile memory device
In addition, in 2015, Professor Xie Yi, USTC has made new progress on the high-performance of flexible non-volatile  memory device, synthesized excellent storage property based on WO3•H2O thin nano-sheets and assembled into Cu/WO3•H2O/ITO-PET flexible non-volatile  memory device. Further, the group also proposed novel mechanism of resistance change memory which is contributing to the further research and development of mechanism of resistive non-volatile memory.
 
Further reading: Non-volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory that can retrieve stored information even after having been power cycled (turned off and back on). Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory, flash memory, ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM), most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disk drives, floppy disks, and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards. Non-volatile memory is typically used for the task of secondary storage, or long-term persistent storage. The most widely used form of primary storage today is a volatile form of random access memory (RAM), which means that when the computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost. However, most forms of non-volatile memory have limitations that make them unsuitable for use as primary storage. Typically, non-volatile memory costs more, provides lower performance, or has worse write endurance than volatile random access memory. Non-volatile data storage can be categorized in electrically addressed systems (read-only memory) and mechanically addressed systems (hard disks, optical disc, magnetic tape, holographic memory, and such). Electrically addressed systems are expensive, but fast, whereas mechanically addressed systems have a low price per bit, but are slow. Non-volatile memory may one day eliminate the need for comparatively slow forms of secondary storage systems, which include hard disks.

 

China Only Spends $6 Billions on 14 Rockets

China's new generation carrier rocket "Long March VII"; in at 20:00 on June 25, 2016 the entire spaceport Wenchang in Hainan successfully launched. Long on the 7th is the near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of China's largest rocket, its first flight as China's manned space project Spacelab mission phases starting gun, flush China Aerospace multiple records, opened a new chapter in China's rocket development.

 Long VII

June 25, Beijing time 20:00 sharp, a bright orange light pierced the darkness shrouded in Hainan Island, along with the roar of the engine, a 53 m long rocket into the sky.

 Figure VII Long March launch

In the past few years, the number of rockets launched by China increased significantly, but this rocket because of four reasons unusual. Firstly, it is the Long March series VII first rocket, the Long March rocket VII advent to carry with multifunction cabin space station to orbit. Secondly, since it is built in Wenchang, Hainan Cosmodrome launch of the first rocket. Hainan Wenchang launch site will become China's future space exploration space program base. Again, rocket engines using tungsten copper nozzle . Finally, this is the first rocket to visitors disclosed.

 Figure VII rocket Long March

In this sultry June evening, thousands of people gathered in the center of the large for viewing platform launch, a much-anticipated rocket into the sky. Rockets Yiqijuechen cheers of the crowds, began its 394 km above the surface of the journey.

 thousands of spectators gathered in the large viewing platform launch center

Tungsten copper alloy used in the aerospace missile, rocket engine nozzle, gas vane air rudder, the nose cone, the main requirements are high temperature (3000K ~ 5000K), high-temperature airflow flushing capacity, the use of copper at high temperatures the formation of volatile cooling sweat role (copper melting point 1083 ℃), reducing the surface temperature of tungsten and copper, to ensure use in high temperature extreme conditions.

 tungsten copper nozzle photos

Below is tungsten copper nozzle at the bottom of the rocket detail drawings .

 tungsten copper nozzle photos

"China is becoming an important space power", the project of the European Space Agency (ESA) under the Council for Science Coordination Office Fabio • Fawei Ta representation.

 Rocket Picture

Rocket pictures

 Rocket Pictures

August 16, China at the Jiuquan spaceport launched the world's first quantum communications satellite "Mo Number." US and Russian experts say, quantum communication is the best choice to ensure information security and defense hackers. "Mo Number" is a phenomenon of quantum entanglement satellite. Quantum entanglement obscure abstruse problems, and even Einstein chanting "Just Like Ghostly."

 Mozi No Photo

China's annual spending on space projects expected to be about $ 6 billion, although more than Russia nearly $ 1 billion, but still far less than the $ 40 billion the United States. Although the United States in the space program ho throw tens of billions, but in 2013, only the United States successfully launched 19 rockets; the same year, China launched 14, Russia launched 31. From the data, China clearly has a place in space, and in the future will only grow stronger.

 Rockets Pictures

Tungsten Market Off Season Ended, Indicative Price Coming Soon

Tungsten market off season ended last week, the flowing trend is unobvious, market is in an intensive situation. Demand still doesn’t increase. Tungsten market volume of business keeps decrease, most enterprises hold wait and see attitude for tungsten market.

Tungsten market not only needs demand but also stability of market. Last week, some enterprises sell the price below market level which is challenging the confidence of market. However, volume of business is still small.

Last week, tungsten products price changes originates from ammonium paratungstate, the mainstream enterprises maintain stable quotation. Some large metallurgy factories say that due to the cost of raw material, ammonium paratungstate price won’t decrease in the next few weeks. APT quotation stays 105~107 thousand RMB/ton. Some other enterprises show that they have advantages both in raw material cost and manufacturing cost. In order to sell the product intiative, quotation maintains at 103~105 RMB/ton, but the selling amount is negative.

APT

Today the indicative price by Ganzhou Tungsten Industry Association, China Minmetal and Jiangxi Rare Earth and Rare Metals Tungsten Group Corporation will come out. It will indicate market price and keep the mainstream stay positive. The indicative price is mainly based on support market confidence, it will be a bit higher than spot market.

The future market trend will greatly depend on this week. It will either turn splendid or fade away. Break weak balance of market is easy, but there is no one who will intervene market balance. Although supply and demand are the most important factors, tungsten price is already below the cost level which is unchangeable. We predict that in short times market will turns weaker and stay stable in the whole as a whole. Dynamic of large enterprises is a key to market, once the stimulus appears, to promote and develop the market is not difficult.

The Greenest Shanghai Tower May Use Tungsten Trioxide

Shanghai Tower, located in Shanghai Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, has ready to officially open this month. This tallest building of 632 meters in China is the world's second highest building which is second only to 828 meters of Dubai’s Burj Khalifa. Shanghai Tower is known as the greenest building, which sets collecting rainwater, wastewater recycling, cooling and heating system ect in one, and meets the requirements of more sustainable urban development, which may be the only skyscraper in the pioneer obtained Platinum Award.
 
Shanghai Towertungsten trioxide
 
In order to reduce wind load of the super-tall buildings, Shanghai Tower is designed to be twisted 120 degrees; at the same time, the glass curtain wall outside the building is set with a double protection function. The first line of defense is the application of ultra-white glass with blew rate closed to zero. The second line of defense is adding structural adhesive in the outer glass curtain wall, thereby even if the glass slowly under vigorous hammer test rupture, all the pieces can be firmly attached to the film and will not result in a "glass rain". The double glass design of Shanghai Tower can not only improve its beauty, but also play the role of b thermal insulation to ensure the building cool in summer and warm in winter, just like a very large thermos bottle, and also to reduce wind speed. It is reported that Shanghai Tower is possible to use the most advanced of intelligent building based glass which manufactures in tungsten trioxide and other chemicals, thus to isolate and protect the indoor temperature from external influences and further reduce energy consumption measures to maximize.
 
The band gap of tungsten trioxide (WO3) is 2.4~2.8eV, which exhibits good absorption property in ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, and thus to be widely studied in the academic community as a semiconductor insulating material. Numerous studies have shown that the surface plasmon resonance of semiconductor materials will absorb specific wavelengths of light. Further, after a certain reduction treatment or the addition of third phase cation of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles, a large amount of free electrons will be gathered on its surface, and thereby to has the property of plasmon resonance absorption of near-infrared light.

 

Breakthrough of Chinese Scientists - Let Liquid Metal Machine Run, Jump

In 1991, the movie "Terminator 2" appears in a powerful robot T-1000, the use of liquid metal to create a robot no matter how much harm can be met with an instant automatic recovery, and even can change the body shape and facial appearance. This deformation robot scientist has always been one of the goals, and now, a study by Chinese scientists in the field of liquid metal eligible for a breakthrough in the long road of research and a small step forward. New research allow liquid metal machine can "run" can "jump".

liquid metal machine

Liu Jing team research group reported an unusual unique self-oscillation effect of liquid metal solid-liquid combination machine: when the tungsten copper wire touches treated aluminum-containing liquid metal, tungsten copper wire are quickly swallowed by the liquid metal, and then made a long shuttle back and forth movement of the liquid metal in the body, like playing the violin string music in general.

 tungsten copper infiltration and self-excited oscillation

Tungsten copper wire with heat ablation resistance, high strength, electrical conductivity and other characteristics.

Tungsten Copper Wire

The authors found that a class of interesting liquid metal jump behavior: There is added to the discharge of solid metal particles (tungsten, nickel, copper, iron, etc.) solution system of metal droplets, the original stationary metal droplets began to beat up and leaving a string of cake in the bottom of the container "footprint."

 nickel powder particle jumping behavior

Research revealed that the surface of the metal particles and liquid metal point contact occurs when the electric field strength at the interface significantly enhanced, as well as in the solution within the electrolysis hydrogen production, hydrogen bubbles are formed in the substrate continues to grow adsorption "gas spring", which droplets jump provide thrust. One of the factors leading to the electric field polarization between the liquid metal from the metal particles with solid potential difference that is galvanic effect; the other reason is that the solid - liquid material microstructure differences between the interface will lead to charge accumulation, sparking tip discharge effect.

 principles and phenomena of polarization

Research team by a plating method in the liquid metal surface mount ferromagnetic nickel layer, thereby realizing flexible control of the machine in an external magnetic or electric field and verify its potential value in terms of drug delivery. Beyond the random motion of the liquid metal type machine it is that the magnetic solid-liquid combination can be achieved from the machine stop motion, steering and acceleration of complex behavior.

 controlled and independent movement of liquid metal machine

Furthermore, the team also developed a kind of flexible deformable "wheels" driven miniature vehicle, its body is made of plastic and metal droplets through a combination of 3D printing. In the electric field, the liquid metal "wheel" can rotate deformed, and then drive the vehicle travels, and even accelerate the realization of more complex motion.

 liquid metal wheel drive motor behavior

Liu Jing study team found that in the electrolyte, a liquid gallium based alloy, after "swallowing" Aluminum as food or fuel, can actually deformed shape long high-speed motion machine to achieve without external power autonomy movement.

 liquid metal machine drive fluid situation

In recent years, Liu Jing team has been working to promote joint industry liquid metal industrial applications. She said: We have the opportunity to study in the liquid metal in the world to go ahead, but can not lag behind in terms of industry, we need to seize the historic opportunity to help build our country into a world-class liquid metal valley.

 

Tungsten Alloy Accelerates Nuclear Fusion Reactor Research

It is reported from the overseas that US government scientists are creating a "jar stars" replicate the way the sun and other stars to generate energy through nuclear fusion on earth. If successful, the human beings will get inexhaustible energy, and no longer need to rely on fossil fuels to produce the electricity. That would be pretty wonderful.

With the continuous efforts of the international community, the physical feasibility of nuclear fusion reactor has been confirmed, including Tokamak type magnetic confinement controlled nuclear fusion research, the progress in this field has been fastest among the most mature technology.

Princeton Plasma Laboratory, US Department of Energy (abbreviated PPPL) physicists recently in the journal Nuclear Fusion published a paper which showed their research of new generation of nuclear fusion equipment plans. PPPL laboratory and England Kalam already have a spherical Tokamak. All these will provide ideas to help scientists design a new type of fusion device, as so to build further by a commercial fusion power plant generating electricity.

During researches, the selection of material has always been a key factor to whether the fusion energy could be developed or not. In fusion materials, it is a class of very important materials is plasma material, also known as coating materials. Tungsten alloy has been proved in research and development owing superior physical and chemical properties in a high-energy level, such as high melting point, high density, high density, low vapor pressure, good thermal conductivity and high strength, also stability enough not form a hydride with hydrogen. Therefore, tungsten alloy becomes a very rare coating material applied on the high-temperature flux components.

nuclear fusion image

nuclear fusion image

 

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