The most appropriate tungsten carbide drill geometry to apply for drilling depends on the characteristics of the material being drilled. Generally tungsten carbide drill geometry includes, rate of twist , point angle, lip angle and the overall length of the drill.



Lip angle controls the support volume offered to the cutting edge. When under the same amount of  point pressure, if the drill with a smaller lip angle, it shows the larger the lip angle, the more aggressively the cutting will be. In addition the accurate lip clearance is controlled by the point angle.

Drill’s overall length controls the length of a hole can be made, the drill’s stiffness and the final hole accuracy.Specially straight shanks are adopted by most drill applications , and drill with tapered shanks are proper for the heavy duty drilling.


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Tungsten carbide step drill has a different diameter as its tips grounding down, which is extremely hard  due to using solid carbide bits or tungsten carbide as its drill tips.

To form a counterbore , the transition between the original diameter and the later ground diameter is  straight, while to form a to form a countersink, it displays as angled. The benefits generates by this style is that both diameters have the same flute characteristics, which keeps the bit from clogging when drilling in softer materials, such as aluminum; in contrast, a drill bit with a slip-on collar does not have the same benefit. Most of these bits are custom-made for each application, which makes them more expensive.


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Tungsten carbide center drill is designed to prepare a starting hole for a larger-sized drill or to establish a conical hole before mounting a lathe center for the workpiece. As the tungsten carbide is extremely hard and more brittle, it is a proper choice for drilling almost all the metal materials in metalworking.



Compared to traditional twist drill bits, instead of likely tending to wander when started on an unprepared surface, the tungsten center drill is able to establish a more accurate starting point. Since a bit wanders off course it is difficult to bring it back on center, a center drill bit is able to ensure it is short and therefore has a reduced tendency to wander when drilling is started.


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Non-sag tungsten wire is also known as doped tungsten wire, which is added potassium, or other elements to improve its anti-high temperature creep performance. It is widely used in the hot wire of tubes, incandescent lamps, car headlights, fluorescent lamps, motorcycle filament lamps and other lamps.

The internal structure of tungsten wire will suffer damage and occur recrystallization when the temperature reaches 1100-1300 ℃,. If the temperature is raised to 1500-1600 ℃, the tungsten wire will sag and become brittle. In addition, there are many other factors influence its sagging, such as burn hydrogen time and tungsten uneven heating time, but the tungsten filament operating temperature is generally higher than this in an actual application. For example, tungsten filament incandescent lamp operating temperature is generally in 2000-2800 ℃, therefore, it is generally added a very small amount (content can not be too low, according to different uses and performance requirements of the tungsten wire to control amount) of potassium oxide, silicon and other additives during sintering of tungsten to improve its non-sag performance.

 

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) has excellent electrochromic, photochromic, gasochromic and catalytic nature, in the flat panel display, smart windows, write - read - rub optical devices, gas sensors and fields have great potential catalyst application. Producing a specific composition and morphology of tungsten trioxide nanostructures to obtain a special performance, its application is important. In this work, hydrothermal synthesis method, were synthesized WO3·1 / 3H2O and hexagonal WO3 (h-WO3) nanorods, quadrature phase WO3 (o-WO3) and monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) rectangular plate, and m-WO3 brick stack and WO3·1 / 3H2O star assembly, and to explore its mechanism. In addition, the synthesis of monodisperse acid nanoparticles will make by UV irradiation. Use the following UV irradiation generated acid nanoparticles in the hydrothermal environment successfully assembled into m-WO3 brick stack such nanostructures. In the study we found, WO3 and hydrates lower nanoparticles (particles, rods, sheets) has a clear self-assembled habits in the hydrothermal environment.

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Atomistic simulations focusing on sintering of crystalline tungsten powders at the submicroscopic level are played to shed light on the processing of the nanoscale powders. When the sintering simulations performed, the neck growth and shrinkage were calculated at the same time. That lead to the possibility of extend these results to the global physical property evolution through sintering. With variations in temperature, pressure, particle configuration, additives, and crystalline misalignment between particles during sintering, the densification and grain growth were calculated. The findings were of great importance for a virtual method to creating the processing and materials design to nanoscale powders. Maybe in near future, there will be a better sintering mechanism of nanoscale tungsten powder comes out.

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Tungsten powder is the raw materials of hard tungsten alloy and tungsten processing materials, so the particle size and particle size distribution of tungsten powder, there are stringent requirements. In the production the tungsten powder controlling the particle size becomes crucial. Many factors affecting tungsten powder, first in terms of reduction of the production process temperature, temperature gradient, pushing the boat speed and boat loading amount of hydrogen and hydrogen flow humidity. Second, the original size of the material and size of the impurities also will influent the tungsten powder quality. In terms of reduction temperature is high, the production process for the production of coarse particles of tungsten powder. Production of fine particles of tungsten powder are mostly two-stage reduction, first restore at the lower temperature, the second at the high-temperature reduction. And in terms of the flow of hydrogen, hydrogen flow increase in favor of timely discharge of water vapor to accelerate the reduction reaction rate, easy access to fine particles of tungsten powder. Boat loading capacity is also an important factor, as much as the amount of hydrogen loaded boat difficult to penetrate deep inside the material layer, is not conducive to obtain fine particles of tungsten powder. Raw materials and impact of impurities tungsten powder is also larger, WO3 large specific surface area and impurities may get coarser tungsten powder.

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Producing tungsten trioxide can use ammonium tungsten or tungsten acid by dried and calcined. First it will be at 100 ℃ removed moisture from tungsten acid or ammonium paratungstate. Then removed water and ammonium compounds by calcination . Tungsten acid at a temperature of 773 ~ 873 ℃ calcined product is still less than 0.5% of water, and at a temperature of 973 ~ 1023 ℃ calcined only less than 0.1% water. Tungsten acid reaction formula is: H2WO4 = WO3 +H2O; however ammonium paratungstic (APT) can be reacted at temperatures higher than 523 ℃, ammonium tungsten reaction formula is: 5 (NH4) 2O · 12WO3 · NH2O = 12WO3 + 10NH3 ↑ + (n + 5) H2O ↑. Calcination temperature and speed which has a significant impact on the product, the higher the calcination temperature, the coarser granularity WO3 are. And a sharp rise in the temperature of the system the specific surface area of WO3 is large. On the contrary, slowly heated then WO3’crystal morphology will more complete so that the small specific surface area WO3 has. China will divided WO3 into three levels, first level was 99.95%, secondary 99.9% purity, the third levels of 99.5%. Particle size is generally used for the production of bulk density of WO3 tungsten products or specific surface area, said the finer the particle size, the smaller the bulk density, the greater specific surface area. Ammonium paratungstate or tungsten acid job is usually calcined in a rotary tube furnace for firing, furnace tube made of stainless steel pipe external resistance wire heating, calcining furnace tube when constant rotation speed of approximately 2.5r/min. Tungsten acid calcination temperature is 1023 ~ 1123K, ammonium paratungstate calcination temperature is 873 ~ 973K, the specific choice of the calcination temperature depends on the product requirements.

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Producing tungsten trioxide can use ammonium tungsten or tungsten acid by dried and calcined. First it will be at 100 ℃ removed moisture from tungsten acid or ammonium paratungstate. Then removed water and ammonium compounds by calcination . Tungsten acid at a temperature of 773 ~ 873 ℃ calcined product is still less than 0.5% of water, and at a temperature of 973 ~ 1023 ℃ calcined only less than 0.1% water. Tungsten acid reaction formula is: H2WO4 = WO3 +H2O; however ammonium paratungstic (APT) can be reacted at temperatures higher than 523 ℃, ammonium tungsten reaction formula is: 5 (NH4) 2O · 12WO3 · NH2O = 12WO3 + 10NH3 ↑ + (n + 5) H2O ↑. Calcination temperature and speed which has a significant impact on the product, the higher the calcination temperature, the coarser granularity WO3 are. And a sharp rise in the temperature of the system the specific surface area of WO3 is large. On the contrary, slowly heated then WO3’crystal morphology will more complete so that the small specific surface area WO3 has. China will divided WO3 into three levels, first level was 99.95%, secondary 99.9% purity, the third levels of 99.5%. Particle size is generally used for the production of bulk density of WO3 tungsten products or specific surface area, said the finer the particle size, the smaller the bulk density, the greater specific surface area. Ammonium paratungstate or tungsten acid job is usually calcined in a rotary tube furnace for firing, furnace tube made of stainless steel pipe external resistance wire heating, calcining furnace tube when constant rotation speed of approximately 2.5r/min. Tungsten acid calcination temperature is 1023 ~ 1123K, ammonium paratungstate calcination temperature is 873 ~ 973K, the specific choice of the calcination temperature depends on the product requirements.

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Fine tungsten powders with an average particle size of 5 μm were coated with nickel and copper via high pressure hydrogen reduction from nickel soleplate and ammonia solution at 130–140°C, 4000 kPa pressure and via formaldehyde reduction of copper soleplate, ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hydroxide solution at ambient temperature respectively. The nickel and copper contents coated on tungsten varied from 2 to 10 wt.% and 2 to 30 wt.% respectively. As coated tungsten powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that nickel and copper were homogeneously distributed around the tungsten particles in exceeding 4 to 5 wt.% of Ni/Cu content. No impurities, just like residual chemical agents and oxides were detected by chemical and XRD analysis. However, the aggregation of tungsten powder became serious for copper contents larger than 20 wt.%, which affects the fluidity of tungsten powders during the subsequent press operation. The penetration depth of a perforation device prepared from coated tungsten powders addition to 20 compared with that manufactured from conventionally blended elemental powders.

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