It is widely misunderstood to think that by simply mixing commercially available tungsten powder with a polymer (epoxy or polyurethane), by which people could get a high-density substitute to lead in weight-required applications.

Since the specific shape of the powder and the wetting ability of the polymer, the highest density you are likely to get will be only 4.5 g/cc. The outcome is even lower than steel or copper at 7.8 and 8.9 g/cc respectively.

But, if you use tungsten-alloy beads simply positioned, you will be able to obtain volumetric apparent densities of up to 10 g/cc. These densities consider the overall volume of the cavity and its total weight, which is positioned within.

By using tungsten-alloy beads and balls of various sizes, simply positioned, you will be able to receive volumetric apparent densities of up to 12 g/cc.

By using tungsten heavy-metal small cubes or spheres geometrically positioned, you will be able to obtain volumetric apparent densities of up to 17 g/cc.

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Tungsten powder (0.6–0.9 μm) was sintered by field assisted sintering technology  at different working conditions. The sample sintered with in-situ hydrogen reduction pretreatment and pulsed electric current during heating demonstrated the lowest measure of oxygen. The maximum relative density could be achieved was 98.5%, which is from the sample sintered under the condition of  2000 °C, 85 MPa for 30 min. However, the corresponding sintered grain size was 22.2 μm. Nano tungsten carbide powder (0.1–0.2 μm) was used as sintering additive to minimize restricts grain growth. By mixing 5 and 10 vol.% WC with tungsten powder, densification was enhanced and finer grain size would be gotten. Relative density above 99% with grain size around 3 μm was achieved in W–10 vol.% WC sintered at 1700 °C, 85 MPa for 5 min. These are the process of tungsten powder sintered.

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Direct electrochemical reduction of solid CaWO4 to fine tungsten powder in molten CaCl2-NaCl was studied by cyclic voltammeter measurement and potentinstatic/constant-voltage electrolysis. The effect of electrolysis conditions such as electrolysis time, temperature and voltage on the quality of the product (the residual amount of CaWO4) was surely great investigated. As the solubility tests of CaWO4 in the melt in a wide temperature range, an unprecedented strategy on electrolytic extraction of pure tungsten powder was raised and confirmed, which involves low-temperature and short-duration electrolysis of solid CaWO4 in molten CaCl2-NaCl eutectic salt (1023 K, 10-hour electrolysis) followed by a simple washing process in the same melt at a higher temperature (1123 K, 1-hour washing). The particle size of the as-prepared tungsten powder is finally less than 200 nm. This process exhibits a high yield and increased energy efficiency for production of fine tungsten powder from CaWO4.

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For each multileaf collimator, two banks of independent tungsten alloy leaves face each other and travel linearly perpendicular to the beam central axis. Orthogonal to the direction of motion, the tungsten alloy leaf edge is parallel to the beam ray line from the target. A cross-sectional and front view of the 80-leaf multileaf collimator. All details of the tungsten alloy leaf design were included in the tongue-and-groove used to reduce radiation leakage through interfaces between adjacent leaves and the complex rounded leaf tip.

As the figure below, the central 3 cm portion of each tungsten leaf end is circular with a radius of curvature of 8.0 cm. Beyond this, the tungsten alloy leaf end is straight and at an angle of 11.3° relative to the vertical axis. The multileaf collimator leaf material is a sintered tungsten alloy. These tungsten alloys have densities in the range of 17.0 to 18.5 g/cm3; 17.7 g/cm3 was chosen as a base.

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Tungsten alloy materials now are widely used to produced as shielding for detectors.the manufacture processesof tungstens alloy shielding for detectors will be the processes of mixing a tungsten alloy power with an organic binder. In comparison to the conventional powder metallurgical fabrication of tungsten and tungsten alloy sheets, producing by pressing, sintering several rolling steps and thermal treatments. The process comprised the mixing of a tungsten alloy powder (such as: with content of 92.5 et.% W and the balance of Ni, Fe) with an organic binder, thermoplastic shaping of mixture to a green sheet material by an extrusion process, followed by debinding and sintering. The sintering step was performed in hydrogen atmosphere under liquid phase sintering conditions at a temperature range of 1450°C to 1500°C. Depend on the different needs of customers,tungsten alloy sheets can be produced into sheets and foils for a thickness range of below 0.1 until 4 mm in collimator.

The photograph below shows tungsten alloy materials to manufacture shielding for detectors.

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An tungsten alloy X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) or computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan), makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images of specific areas of a scanned object.

There are some advances of tungsten alloy X-ray computed tomography:
Due to tungsten alloy materials has high density, (60% higher than lead), reduces the size of tungsten alloy ray shields, without affecting the radiation shielding effect the  excellent radiation absorption of tungsten alloy. The sensitive of tungsten alloy X-ray computed tomography is much higher than X-ray computed tomography produced by lead in the limit area.
The environmental friendly characteristics of tungsten alloy, tungsten alloy for radiation detector  better than lead for X-Ray Computed Tomography in environmental protection.
The photograph below shows tungsten alloy materials to manufacture linear accelerators.

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Tungsten alloy products for collimators are widely used in linear accelerators used for radiotherapy treatments. They help to shape the beam of radiation emerging from the machine, they can limit the maximum field size of a beam.

The advantages of tungsten alloy linear accelerators：
Due tungsten alloys have the ability of various high-ray shielding,tungsten alloy can be the good materials for linear accelerators. The thickness 3mm of tungsten alloy can shield 95% of 150keV γ radiation. Tungsten alloy materials are suit for high spatial resolution occasion, such as radiological Imaging array detectors.Tungsten alloy materials has high density, (60% higher than lead), reduces the size of tungsten alloy ray shields, without affecting the radiation shielding effect.Comparing with tungsten alloy and lead, when they with the same performance of radiation shielding, the volume of tungsten alloy is 1/3 of lead .
The photograph below shows tungsten alloy materials to manufacture linear accelerators.

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Tungsten Carbide Rod Processing-Extrusion Method
The special high wearing resistance, high hardness, excellent toughness and strength, make the tungsten carbide rods being widely used in the metal processing, electronics industry, wood processing, aerospace and medical and other fields. They have been the preliminary materials for manufacturing micro drilling in circuit, milling cutters, reamers, step tools, pole tools, taps and dot matrix printers ideal for needles and other preliminary materials. With the development of technology, demand for tungsten carbide rod is increasing, molding technology developed from the cold isostatic pressing, molding and other traditional techniques to the more modern and economical extrusion molding process. The quality is getting better and there are more and more species.

Tungsten carbide rod extrusion process is the tungsten carbide powder with a quantity of binder, plasticizer and other components of a mixture, extruded through the extrusion die orifice shape and size desired blanks. It is the traditional plastic molding techniques and modern product of the combination of powder metallurgy techniques, used to molding section and length unrestricted shaped pieces, at low temperature, low pressure operation.


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Tungsten Carbide Rod Advantages

The main features of tungsten carbide rod are the stable mechanical property, easy to weld, and also high-wearing and shock resistance. It is mainly applied in metal cutting tools making and other areas like wood and plastic which need the cutting tools that are high-wearing and shock resistance.

Tungsten carbide rod advantages can be summarized from the following points:
1. Good wear resistance
2. High corrosion resistance
3.  High tenacity
4. High temperature resistance
5. High hardness
6. High density


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Tungsten boat can be also called tungsten evaporation boat, which is made of tungsten sheet by hot molding .It owns stamping boat type, folding boat type, welding boat type, riveting boat type and other types.

Tungsten boats own good electrical conductivity, good thermal conductivity, high temperature resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and other properties, which are widely used in gold-plating, evaporator, tube mirror, heated container, electron beam painting, home appliances (shell), mobile phones, toys, and a variety of accessories, such as vacuum coating industries and sintering or vacuum sintering furnace annealing boat industries.

In an ideal (vacuum, drying) state, we place two tungsten wires to connect the two ends of the boat and energizing, then put the low melting point metal in the middle of the recess, waiting until the temperature rises to 2000 degrees or less, the metal will evaporate into a gas, at last it will be plated in the surface of metal.

 

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