World Ranking

In 2012, world economic resources of tungsten mine are estimated to be around 3488 kt based on United States Geological Survey (USGS) data and updated by Geoscience Australia for Australia’s resources. According to the USGS, China holds approximately 54.5% of the world economic resources followed by Australia with 11.2%, Russia with 7.2% and the USA with 4%.

The USGS estimates that world production of tungsten mine in 2012 amounted to 73 kt2 , which was similar to production in 2011. China was the major producer with approximately 84%, followed by Russia with 4.8%. Production for the USA was not recorded for reasons of confidentiality. Over the past few years, the Chinese Government has restricted the amount of its tungsten mine ores that can be offered on the world market by applying export quotas and taxes, favouring instead the export of value-added, downstream tungsten mine materials and products.

 

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Background:

Tungsten is a gray-white metallic element. Its atomic number is 74 and its atomic symbol is W (after the German name Wolfram given to this element). It is stable and is very resistant to acids and bases. It does, however, oxidize in air, especially at higher temperatures. It has the highest melting temperature of any metal (3422 degrees C, 6192 degrees F), and the second highest of all elements (Carbon is highest).

Tungsten was discovered in 1758 by Axel Fredrik Cronstadt; in 1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele isoldated a tungsten oxide, and in 1783 the Spanish chemists (and brothers) Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar first separated tungsten from the mineral wolframite.

It is interesting to note that tungsten is important to the health of plants and animals. Specifically, it is used by some enzymes (which are called oxidoreductases).

 

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Tungsten (W) metal and its alloys are amongst the hardest of all metals and tungsten itself has the highest melting point of all pure metals. The combination of its hardness and high temperature capabilities make it desirable for many commercial and industrial applications. Tungsten's range of properties also makes it difficult to substitute with other metals. It occurs as wolframite, which is an iron manganese tungstate mineral ([Fe, Mg]WO₄), and scheelite (CaWO₄). The major use for tungsten is within cemented carbides, which are also called hard metals. Tungsten carbide has a hardness approaching that of diamond and is used for cutting and in wear-resistant materials, primarily in the metalworking, mining, oil drilling and construction industries. Tungsten alloys are used also in electrodes, filaments (light bulbs), wires and components for electrical, heating, lighting and welding applications. Tungsten is used also in chemical applications, including as catalysts, as well as pigments for paints. Ferrotungsten (FeW) is a high value-added intermediate product and is used in steels and alloys where hardness and heat resistance are required. Tungsten is commonly supplied as mineral concentrates typically with 65% or more contained tungsten trioxide (WO₃). A number of secondary tungsten compounds are also important. These include ammonium paratungstate (APT), tungsten trioxide (WO₃), ferrotungsten (FeW), tungsten carbide (WC), as well as tungsten metal.

 

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The principle of deep cryogenic technology is that when the metal and hard to cool down in the heat treatment process, which alloy dissolves in carbon and combines with it for forming austenite. In the cooling process, due to the low temperature and suppression, martensite come into being, whose final transition point is very low. Austenite is very unstable at low temperature and easy to break down so that the original defects (pores and internal stress concentration portion) into a plastic flow and structure refinement, which leads austenite turn into martensite and internal stress relief under ultra-low temperature.

Martensitic matrix separates out the large number of ultra-fine carbide precipitation, which increases the strength and the wear resistance of materials. In the 1980s, the United States, Japan and other countries have emerged a number of specialized cryogenic processing company, which covers tools, gear, abrasives, high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, cobalt-based alloys and extends the lifespan up to 5-10 times.























Tungsten Carbide Manufacturer & Supplier: Chinatungsten Online - http://www.tungsten-carbide.com.cn
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With the demands of chemical fiber products increasing, as its essential part, nozzle plays an important role in the quality, lifespan and efficiency of the products. Although pottery nozzle has long lifespan, it cost too much. And tungsten carbide nozzle has lower cost, but its lifespan is shorter than pottery nozzle. Therefore, deep cryogenic improves tungsten carbide nozzle, enhances the hardness and toughness, and extends the lifespan of nozzle. For chemical fiber tungsten carbide nozzle, its main failure mode is erosion, which because of the impact of chemical fiber under external mechanical force. So-called deep cryogenic is a kind of technology that put the material in -190℃-230℃, which applies to carbides, plastic, aluminum, tungsten carbide and pottery, etc.























Tungsten Carbide Manufacturer & Supplier: Chinatungsten Online - http://www.tungsten-carbide.com.cn
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YG cemented carbide traditional sintering and new microwave sintering has a similarity that both methods are based on the angular WC grains skeleton embedded in Co as binder phase matrix. Difference between them can be observed by a scanning electron microscope, which uses microwave sintering technology YG cement carbide bonded phase sintering almost no presence of W. However, using traditional sintering, which YG tungsten carbide bonded phase sintering of W up to 20%. Meanwhile, microwave sintering using new technology and making WC grains smaller, distribute more uniformly than traditional sintering.

Therefore, the material by microwave is harder and tougher, whose anti-corrosion is 6 times better than the nozzle by traditional sintering. In addition, microwave sintering temperature is lower than traditional sintering, which prevent grains from growing up.























Tungsten Carbide Manufacturer & Supplier: Chinatungsten Online - http://www.tungsten-carbide.com.cn
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Global intervention

In an effort to curb the imports of tainted minerals from places like the Congo and the Andean countries, the US and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) passed last year a set of strict rules requiring manufacturers to report from where they get its tantalum, tin, gold or tungsten. It also forces companies to disclose payments made to overseas governments to develop natural gas.

While the ruling goes into effect in 2014, more than a third of US firms are absolutely unprepared to adopt it, revealed a poll conducted in April during the IHS webinar “The Clock’s Ticking: How to Comply with the New Conflict Minerals Regulations.”

What’s more, the US biggest manufacturing trade groups — the Chamber of Commerce and the Business Roundtable— began an ongoing court battle against the SEC, aimed to stop the rule from taking effect.

 

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Tungsten carbide nozzle plays a significant role in current industry, agriculture and manufacturing, which is widely used in cleaning, humidification, coating, fireproofing and hydraulic rock cracking, etc. Tungsten carbide extended nozzle can be specifically divided into long nozzle, medium nozzle and minute length nozzle, they are base on the common nozzle and enhance the impact energy of the flow so that it increases the volume of rock cracking and improves the drilling efficiency. Length, angle of flare, bottom pressure and safety is essential parameter to evaluate the quality of nozzle. And tungsten carbide extended nozzle makes a great progress in such aspects, which has sufficient impact energy, short distance to bottom and larger baric gradient. Therefore, tungsten carbide extended nozzle has better rushing and cleaning effects.














Tungsten Carbide Manufacturer & Supplier: Chinatungsten Online - http://www.tungsten-carbide.com.cn
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The Colombian government is preparing a raid to seize and close a major illegal tungsten mine run by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), which is said to have supplied top multinational companies, including BMW, Volkswagen, Samsung and Apple.

According to Radio RCN (in Spanish), security forces are being deployed to an area of the Amazon jungle under the FARC’s control, known as Cerro Tigre, or Tiger Hill, in the eastern Guainía department.

Tungsten is a super-hard, heat-resistant metal that is used inside car engines, computer screens, phones, tablets, televisions, and also in the oil industry.

The planned raid on Tiger Hill comes on the hills of the European Union decision to impose tough laws to prevent businesses from buying gold and other minerals that fund the conflict in Colombia.

The Caribbean country is not alone. In the past few years illegal mining has spread through Latin America. Countries such as Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia and even Brazil, are currently said to be obtaining higher profits from the unlicensed activity than from drug trafficking, an illicit activity that used to generate profits in the area.

 

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