Physical Properties of WTe2 under High Pressure and Strong Magnetic Field I
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- Published on Friday, 05 February 2016 17:12
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Recently, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Physical Institute of Solid State Physics, and the collaborative research team of Nanjing University and a strong magnetic field center, made new progress on the study of the WTe2 material physical properties under high pressure high magnetic field extreme conditions. The team used high-pressure diamond anvil cell technology, by studying the electrical transport and magnetic susceptibility, for the first time that observed the superconductivity of high-pressure-induced and magnetic resistance calculated by the theory of evolution and the superconductivity with pressure has been systematically studied, related to the results of "superconductivity and evolution of the electronic structure of the type" and titled by "tungsten telluride pressure-driven", published in "Nature - communication" on July 23, the solid researcher YangZhaorong and professor at Nanjing University Song Fengqi, Wan Xiangang are co-corresponding authors of this article.
High pressure is a clean, pure and powerful tool in researching new material properties, especially in the exploration of new superconducting materials. WTe2 is a kind of layered semi-metallic material, when the temperature is 0.53K, under strong magnetic field at 60T, the magnetoresistance can be up to 13,000,000%, and it still did not reach the saturation. This strange phenomenon has aroused wide attention of researchers at home and abroad. Recent theoretical studies suggest that it may be a kind of Weyl semi-metallic, magnetic resistance is considered to be related to the perfect match of the hole and electron carrier concentration of the Fermi surface nearby in the system, of which this perfect equilibrium is extremely sensitive for external perturbation, such as doping and stress.
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Study on Unique Electronic Valleys of Tungsten Disulfide
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- Published on Thursday, 04 February 2016 18:02
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Monolayer films of tungsten disulfide, just three atoms thick, have unique electronic valleys which can be manipulated with laser light. This finding, by MIT physics graduate student Edbert Jarvis Sie, Associate Professor Nuh Gedik, and colleagues, was significant enough to warrant placement on the cover of Nature Materials earlier this year.
The cover illustrates a tornado-like whorl of light, lifting an electronic band in the material to a higher energy state, which widens the band gap in the material. This widening is known as the optical Stark effect. The researchers, under senior author Nuh Gedik, the Lawrence C. (1944) and Sarah W. Biedenharn Career Development Associate Professor of Physics at MIT, found that applying circularly polarized laser light lifted the energy in one valley while leaving the energy in the other valley unaffected. "There are two valleys. If we switch the laser polarization, the effect switches to the other valley," Sie says. Gedik spoke about his group's research on topological insulators at the Materials Day Symposium, on Oct. 14, in Kresge Auditorium.
"In materials, electrons travelling in different directions experience different scattering potential with the atoms. This establishes an energy landscape as a function of electron's momentum, which can form a local minimum that we call a valley," Sie explains. "The phenomenon of the valleys only occurs in these extremely thin, monolayer forms of the tungsten sulfur compound, not in its bulk form. These valleys normally have the same energy. But as we apply this circularly polarized light, we can lift the energy of one valley relative to the other."
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Great Magnetoresistance of Tungsten Telluride
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- Published on Thursday, 04 February 2016 17:48
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A magnetoresistive material is added with a magnetic field, whose resistance will change, which is a technically useful phenomenon, such as the utilization in sensors to read data of hard disk. Mazhar Ali and his colleagues now identify a kind of material (tungsten telluride), in which the magnetoresistance effect is abnormally large: the resistance can be changed by more than 13 million percent. Its remarkable reluctance will be displayed in very high magnetic fields and very low temperatures, so the actual application is currently impossible. But the discovery proposed new direction for study on the magnetoresistance, which may eventually lead to new applications of this effect.
Tungsten(IV) telluride (WTe2) is an inorganic semimetallic chemical compound. In October 2014, tungsten ditelluride was discovered to exhibit an extremely large magnetoresistance: 13 million percent with no known saturation point. The resistance is proportional to the square of the magnetic field. This may be due to the materiel being the first example of a compensated semimetal, in which the number of mobile holes is the same as the number of electrons. The structure of tungsten ditelluride is layered, and the substance can be exfoliated into thin sheets down to monolayers. However electrons can easily move between the layers, unlike in other two dimensional semiconductors. The fraction of charge carriers is 0.005 per formula unit (WTe2).
When subjected to pressure, the magnetoresistance effect in WTe2 is reduced. At a pressure of 10.5 GPa magnetoresistance disappears. Above this same pressure of 10.5 GPa tungsten ditelluride can become a superconducter. At 13.0 GPa the transition to superconductivity happens below 6.5K. WTe2 was also recently predicted to be a Weyl semimetal and, in particular, to be the first example of a "Type II" Weyl semimetal, where the Weyl nodes exist at the intersection of the electron and hole pockets.
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Isopropyl Alcohol's Widespread Applications
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- Category: Tungsten's News
- Published on Wednesday, 03 February 2016 18:04
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IPA ,also known as isopropyl alcohol, is used as a low-cost solvent in many industrial and consumer products, it is also used as the extraction agent. According to the European Solvents Industry Group (ESIG) analysis, in 2001 in Europe, the demand of intermediate accounted for 32% of IPA consumption, 14% as anti-icers, 13% for coatings and resins, 9% for medicine , 4% for food, 3% for inks and adhesives. It is also used as solvent for oil and gum, and the preparation of fish feed concentrate.
Low-grade IPA can be used as vehicle fuel. the amount of IPA used as raw materials of acetone in production declines. There are several compounds synthesized by the IPA, the main compounds is methyl isobutyl ketone and many esters. The general purity of Anhydrous IPA is 99%, the premium (used for making perfume and medicine) IPA purity is greater than 99.8%.
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Production Technology of Isopropyl Alcohol
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- Category: Tungsten's News
- Published on Wednesday, 03 February 2016 18:01
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Production Technology
There are two kinds of commercial process of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) preparation, which both use propylene as raw materials. The older method using refinery grade propylene and sulfuric acid catalyst indirect dehydration to produce isopropyl sulfate, then use steam hydrolyzed into sulfuric acid and IPA, crude IPA was purified by distillation. Newer chemical route is using chemical grade propylene (90% to 99%) to direct hydration, avoiding the use of sulfuric acid. Propylene and water through heating, the gas-liquid mixture into the trickle-bed reactor containing sulfonated polystyrene cation exchange resin under pressure.Also phosphoric acid catalyst by manipulation in a fixed bed reaction is carried out in the gas phase.
There is also a liquid line, using a soluble tungsten catalyst. IPA is obtained from the aqueous solution by distillation. Also a small amount of IPA from acetone hydrogenation in the liquid phase, but the process is only applicable to the excess acetone available place.
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Demand Capacity of Isopropyl Alcohol
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- Category: Tungsten's News
- Published on Wednesday, 03 February 2016 17:59
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Demand and capacity
According to statistics, BP, Sasol and Shell's total production capacity of the European IPA was 424,010 tons in 2001, Western Europe sales was nearly 366,000 tons, and export 46,000 tons in 2001. Annual growth rate of Europe needs was 1% to 2%, it is expected that the growth will be higher in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia. IPA have a great potential for the production of derivatives, the growth of being used as a solvent is little or no.
The world's total production capacity is more than 2.42 million tons per year. Domo and Mitsui Chemicals built solvent (including IPA) combination unit of 80,000 tons per year in Germany Luna, and put into production in 2004.
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High-Quality Low-Cost Single Tungsten Disulfide Realize a Large-Area Preparation II
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- Category: Tungsten's News
- Published on Tuesday, 02 February 2016 17:39
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On this basis, they proposed the catalytic surface atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition method with gold as growth substrate,which achieved the high quality, single uniform and large-area films preparation of millimeter-sized WS2 single crystals. The study found that the catalytic activity of gold and low solubility of tungsten in gold ensure the growth of uniform monolayer high quality WS2 crystals. In the meanwhile, the electrochemical bubbling method may be applied in realization of WS2 high quality transfer without gold substrate damaging. The single WS2 obtained by this method has high crystalline quality, showing optical and electrical properties compared with the material prepared by mechanical exfoliation of the proposed.
In addition, the research proposed non-destructive method of roll-to-roll and electrochemical bubbling combination for transferring, which achieve a low-cost continuous transfer of large-area single WS2 film to flexible transparent substrate, which also realize the preparation of large-area flexible transparent WS2 monolayer’s thin films transistors array and the electrical properties is still not attenuated after being bent hundreds of times .
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High-Quality Low-Cost Single Tungsten Disulfide Realize a Large-Area Preparation I
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- Category: Tungsten's News
- Published on Tuesday, 02 February 2016 17:35
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The journal Nature Communications recently published online the results of the RenWencai study group of Institute of Metal Research, the research realize the low-cost and large-area preparation of high-quality uniform strict monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) single crystal and thin films, which laid the material foundation on the applications of its flexible electronic / optoelectronic devices and valley electronics and spin electronics field.
The researchers found that gold is the only metal that does not react with sulphur and generate sulfide at a high temperature and have a catalytic activity, which can effectively reduce the barrier of tungsten trioxide vulcanization process, and tungsten atoms in gold have a extremely low solubility at high temperature.
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Rare Earth Symposium will Be Held Soon, Attention on Rare Earth and Tungsten
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- Category: Tungsten's News
- Published on Monday, 01 February 2016 18:11
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Last week, nine tin enterprises in the country decided cut back production of 17,000 tons in 2016, which take place about 12% of national yield. It’s expected that it doesn’t exclude the possibility of purchasing and storage business in the future, reduction of output and purchasing and storage tin supply and demand situation is expected to improve.
MIT Scientists have Developed an Improved Tungsten Wire Light Bulbs
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- Category: Tungsten's News
- Published on Monday, 01 February 2016 16:04
- Hits: 800
With the development of economy and technology, the traditional tungsten wire light bulbs due to poor energy efficiency, in the trend of environmental protection, to be more energy-efficient LED bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps replaced. But the LED bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps issued a "cool white" light becomes brighter and slow process, a lot of people miss the days of tungsten wire light bulbs. According to reports, the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recently developed improved methods of tungsten wire light bulbs, the filament is surrounded with a special crystal structure, greatly reduce energy consumption which makes tungsten wire light bulbs more energy efficient than LED light bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps.
Tungsten wire light bulbs through the resistor and energized heated the finer tungsten to about 2700 ℃, allowed to issue glowing light, but in the whole process, 95% of the energy is converted to heat dissipation, so that the energy efficiency of tungsten wire light bulbs only 5%, compared to, LED bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps as the light energy can reach to 14%. It is for this reason that in 2012 prompted the EU comprehensive ban tungsten wire light bulbs.
To solve this problem, MIT scientists have developed with a special crystal structure surrounds the filament, and it will take the heat and trap the ultra-red radiation can let visible light through. The researchers believe this can make tungsten wire light bulbs energy efficiency reached 40%.
UK Energy Saving Trust data shows that if the general household use 60W traditional tungsten wire light bulbs, it takes 7.64 pounds per year (about 72.68 RMB), if using CFLs or LED bulbs, just 1.53, or 1.27 pounds per year respectively ( 14.55 or about RMB 12 RMB), but if the new improved tungsten wire light bulbs can really achieve the desired efficiency, it costs only 50 pence a year.
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