Preparation Ultrafine Grain Materials by Nanoscale WO3 Powder

The melting temperature of tungsten is up to 3410℃, which is the highest one in metals. Furthermore, tungsten has an excellent strength at high temperature. With these characteristics, tungsten is very useful for applications at high temperature. With the development of tungsten and tungsten-based alloys (e.g., W-Cu, W-Ni/Fe), there exit requirements for uniform mcrostructure, superfine grains and good plastics. However, conventional techniques can not meet these requirements.
 
The nano-related technology can provide a new process for producing ultrafine grain materials. In recent years, ultrafine grain cemented carbides with high performance can be prepared using nanoscale WC powder, and nanoscale WC powder was prepared by reduction carbonization of the nanoscale WO3 powder.
 
 
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How Fine Grain Tungsten Produced?

At present, micrometer tungsten powder was used for the production and research of tungsten materials. This type of tungsten powder is sintered at a temperature higher than 2000℃ in order to be densified. Thereafter, it can be further processed. However, tungsten grain size increases quickly during the sintering, and may be up to several hundreds micrometers. These coarse tungsten grains lower the mechanical and physical properties as well as rolling characteristic. Nanoscale powder has more surface energy and can be densified more easily than micrometer powder. Nanoscale WO3 powder was prepared from the APT (ammonium paratungstate) solution by the ultrasonic spray thermo-conversion process, and was then reduced in hydrogen. The reduction was canned out in two steps. WO3 was first reduced to the blue tungsten oxide WO2.90, and then WO2.90 was reduced to tungsten. In the above process, nanoscale WO3, WO2.90 and tungsten powders were milled by the high energy shear miller. The specific surface area of these nanoscale powders was measured by an ST-03 specific surface area tester, by which an average particle size was calculated. The powder shape was observed with an H-800 TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Nanoscale tungsten powder was formed with a rubber die and a steel die respectively. The compact density was measured based on the Archimedes method. Nanoscale tungsten compact was sintered in hydrogen at a temperature elevating rate of 10℃/min with a high temperature dilatometer. Furthermore, conventional tungsten powder with an average particle size of 2.5 um was compacted and sintered to compare with the nanoscale tungsten powder.
 
 
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Dart Thrower(IV)

There are some options for outs with 2 darts left in hand.This is the "magic" number range. If you want to have a "guaranteed" dart at a double then you have to go for the single that leaves bull's eye.

A dart thower need to respectiving single's  treble and take right way. The first region from70 to 61contains 4 numbers that can be shot out with 2 darts over the bull's eye. Here we go :( Trebles, doubles, singles: T20: treble 20D20: double 20 20: single 20 orT13: treble 13D13: double 1313: single 13and so on...)

2Dart outs 70 - 61

This is the "magic" number range. If you want to have a "guaranteed" dart at a double then you have to go for the single that leaves bull's eye. This will give you the chance to leave a "normal" double (although often a "bad" one) if you hit the treble, and the "emergency exit" on bull's eye if you hit the single. Logic behind it: We go for the treble 'cause a bad double is still better than the difficult bull's eye; and a chance at bull's eye is better than no chance at all.

If you have time for percentage play then you should treat this region as if you had 3 darts for it. This path is given here with the red dot mark (you shouldn't play it if you have to go out in 2!), combined with the percentage sign.

70     best option T20 - D5 (20 - D25) avoid this! 6 dart out percentage play T18 - D8

69     best option T19 - D6 (19 - D25)

68     best option T18 - D7 (18 - D25) avoid this!6 dart out percentage play T20 - D4

67     best option T17 - D8 (17 - D25)

66     best option T16 - D9 (16 - D25) avoid this! T10 - D18

65     best option T15 - D10 (15 - D25) avoid this! 25 - D20

64     best option T14 - D11 (14 - D25) avoid this! 6 dart out percentage play T16 - D8

63     best option T13 - D12 (13 - D25) avoid this! T17 - D6

62     best option T12 - D13 (12 - D25) avoid this! 6 dart out percentage play T10 - D16

  1. best option T11 - D14 (11 - D25) avoid this! 25 - D18 *avoid this! 6 dart out percentage play T15 - D8

A dart thower need to respectiving single's  treble and take right way.

 

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Dart Thrower(III)

Dart throw should grip and stance just follow the requirements . You will benefit more when you know the connections.There is only one proper stance that fulfills the requirements for throwing: The right foot (left foot for left handers) forward stance.

First , We get this when we look at the aiming position. When we aim we put the target, the dart and the eye in one line. When we throw we should try to put the 3-lever system of the arm in a 2-dimensional plain. This reduces the margin of error by eliminating sideway movements of the arm. Thus it's easy to work out that we won't get happy with a frontal stance whith both feet touching the throwing line. Maybe this would be more comfortable, but we can't use it.

Second,in an optimum stance the soulders and the board form a 90 degrees angle, and so does the line from the forward foot to the behind foot. But most people find this highly uncomfortable or even impossible. So Dart throw just follow the requirements and find a compromise

Then,the shoulder angle:It defines the stance. You should try to get close to the perfect 90 degrees, but not with an absolute sacrifice of throwing comfort. Proper angles start from approx. 50 to 80 degrees. The exact value here is your personal compromise.

Finally,the feet angle:The feet angle simply follows the shoulder angle, otherwise you will fall on the floor.

 

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How to Keep Balance Throwing Dart?(II)

In every point of the throw dart you must stay perfectly balanced. This will be tricky for beginners and force them to start at a lower angle without leaning forward much.

Leg:Your balance leg is responsible for this work. Lifting it during the throw is not recommended, although it does by some pros, but these players have such a perfect balance they will still beat you with only one foot on the ground. Again, don't 'jump' when throwing - 'one foot on the floor' is not only a billiards rule. Highly recommended for darts players, too. Your balance foot shouldn't be flat on the ground (only okay for beginners), just the toes should touch it.

Torso: Your stance must guarantee that your body doesn't move at all when throwing. Remember the fixed shoulder joint of chapter 1. Don't arch your back, keep your spine straight. Your body must be strained, but your arm must stay relaxed.

As a summary, Throw dart you must stay perfectly balanced.stance is the least difficult, but an important matter. Don't start with a frontal stance, this will disturb all other technical necessities, and you will find yourself struggling sooner or later.

 

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How to Keep Balance Throwing Dart?(I)

In every point of the throw dart you must stay perfectly balanced. This will be tricky for beginners and force them to start at a lower angle without leaning forward much.

Weight distribution:Your weight will mainly rest on your forward foot (stance foot), while your behind foot (balance foot) will, well, just hold enough weight to perfectly balance your stance. Remember, no matter which weight distribution you use, your stance must be rock-solid. Don't jump with your forward foot, it must always stay flat on the floor.

Leaning forward:The more you lean forward the nearer you will get to the board (think that's why we do it, huh?), but the more physically demanding and unstable your throw will be. If you lean forward too much you will soon find yourself with serious back problems, especially when you combine it with sharp hip-bend. To keep yourself healthy use leaning forward wisely. Most pros have found a good compromize on this, and so should you. For advice just ask Bob Anderson about his back surgery.

 

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How to Prepare Tungsten Powders by Ammonium Paratungstate?

Coarse and spherical tungsten powders were prepared by wet hydrogen reduction.Ammonium tungstate solutions with the additives of Li,Na and K alkali metal salts were used as raw materials.The effects of the type and content of the alkali metal salts as well as reduction time on the microstructure,chemical composition,phase composition, and particle size of ammonium paratungstate(APT) and coarse tungsten powders were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,and test sieves.It is shown that ideal tungsten powders with good fluidity,sphericity,integrity and even distribution can be obtained by using the ammonium tungstate solution with 3 g·L~(-1) NaCl,KCl and Li_2CO_3 and reducing at 1000℃for 180 min in wet hydrogen atmosphere.The average particle size of the obtained tungsten powders is 67μm,the maximum particle size is 150μm,the biggest loose density is 13.41 g·cm~(-3),and the best powder flowability is 9 s for 50 g tungsten powders.

 

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How to Reducing the Average Particle Size of Ammonium Paratungstate Powders?

A process for reducing the average particle size of an ammonium paratungstate powder having the steps of heating the ammonium paratungstate powder at a temperature of between about 110° C. to about 205° C. For a time sufficient to reduce the average particle size of the ammonium paratungstate powder by at least 20 percent. The average particle size of the obtained tungsten powders is 67μm,the maximum particle size is 150μm,the biggest loose density is 13.41 g·cm~(-3),and the best powder flowability is 9 s for 50 g tungsten powders.

 

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Characterization of WO3 from Ammonium Paratungstate Via Hydrothermal Method

Tungsten trioxide powder has been prepared from ammonium paratungstate via hydrothermal method using orthogonal and mono-level design of experiments. The effects of preparation process on particle size, specific surface area, crystal form and crystalline morphology of the tungsten trioxide was investigated by TEM and XRD etc. It was found that the optimum conditions of the preparation are hydrothermal crystallization for 8 h at 180°C, followed by vacuum drying at 45°C and calcination at 500°C for 2 h. The blank reference experiment shows that hydrothermal crystallization treatment favors the formation of hexagonal tungsten trioxide, and the tungsten trioxide powder sample prepared by this method has a high degree of crystallinity.

 

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Removing of Stannum in Producting Ammonium Paratungstate

Since 1970s,Chinese tungsten metallurgy has made remarkable progress and product quality ranked high because of application of ion-exchange technology.Ammonium paratungstate quality is (affected) by stannum in solution. In recent years, some new methods about removing of stannum from tungsten are put forward. According to this status, developing trend of W-Sn separation technology in our country is analyzed.

 

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