Tungsten Trioxide Electric Property

Tungsten Trioxide Electric PropertyWhen current flows through a conductor, the conductor may have a fever, this heat generated by the current, called electric, or it can be understood as electric power is generated by the heat, the phenomenon of electrical energy becomes into internal energy. The use of electric principle can be made into various electric heaters, such as electric irons, electric stove, electric irons, electric ovens, water heaters, electric hatch boxes.

Electric material is a new energy material which has relatively traditional energy with small size, no noise, no pollution, long life and other characteristics. Thermoelectric materials can be used as electricity and thermal energy conversion intermediary material. The material will appear the temperature difference, and this electric conversion is reversible. Conventional thermoelectric materials have high ZT value (figure of merit, the higher the coefficient, the higher thermoelectric conversion efficiency), and the preparation of a mature technology, it has been widely used in thermoelectric power generation and refrigeration device. Some researchers are finding new thermoelectric materials, although these materials have a higher ZT value, it is the most toxic and precious metal alloys division, the use of these materials will increase in the environment.

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) as important high-tech materials in the electrochromic, the light catalytic degradation, the gas detection and other areas has a wide range of potential applications. WO3 is an n-type thermoelectric material at the same time. Currently, the status quo is thermoelectric materials research with P-type thermoelectric material, but it is necessary for the production of thermoelectric devices p-type matches with n-type. Early, studies have shown that WO3 doped thermoelectric performance, which has been improved. If we find a important dopant and it will be the best process parameters for WO3 thermoelectric properties, it is possible to WO3 used in thermoelectric materials.

 

Sapphire Single Crystal Growing Tungsten Crucible Thermal Stress Analysis

Sapphire single crystal is kind of alumina (Al2O3) single crystal and its optical penetration is very wide. From near ultraviolet (190nm) to mid-infrared light it has very good transmission. On the other hand, due to its excellent optical properties, mechanical properties and chemical stability, and high strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, it is widely used in military, medical, electronics and other fields. And to produce excellent performance sapphire single crystal the crucible of sapphire single crystal growth furnace is a critical factor. With high purity, high density, crack-free, precise size, smooth inner and outer walls and other good features of the crucible for sapphire crystal seeding success rate in growth process, pulling quality control, de-crystal stick pan and extended service life has played a key role. Tungsten crucibles with high strength, high hardness and high temperature and other good performances are widely used in the sapphire growth furnace. The experiment found that the thermal stress concentration phenomenon in the sapphire single crystal growth process leads to short life of tungsten crucible. So many scientists after analyzed tungsten crucible failure factors in sapphire single crystal growth process found that thermal stress is the main reason for the failure of tungsten crucible.
Thermal stress: tungsten crucible in the course of using has suffered a long-term cyclical heating and cooling, leading to the crucible axial and radial exists temperature gradients. Besides, in the process of crystal growth will generate cycling thermal impact shock making crucible to generate microcracks. In the long-term recycling process, the microcracks will continue to expand, after reaching a certain level, resulting in the crucible scrapped.
 
The experiment found that the maximum thermal stress exists in the junction between crucible and the tray, to meet the crystal growth conditions, slowing the rate of temperature increase, smaller temperature gradient controlling, increasing the hole of the pressure pin, changing material of tray and pressure pin and other methods can reduce the thermal stress.
Sapphire Single Crystal & Tungsten Crusible

Cleaning SCR Denitration Catalyst on Production Process

The activity of SCR denitration catalyst in-service will decrease by being abraded from flue gas, deposited from solid material, poisoned from alkali metal. And then after 2 or 3 years the catalyst would lose activity and end its life. Cleaning the SCR denitration catalyst is becoming very necessary because it costs high, and belongs to consumables. At the same time, the waste catalyst is difficult to handle because of the toxicity which will cause secondary pollution to the environment easily. We push a method for cleaning SCR denitration catalyst on the production process, steps as following:

SCR denitration catalyst

1. Configure the cleaning solution
Stirring with a machine to mix oxalic acid solution, dispersing agent MF, ammonium metavanadate and ammonium paratungstate for more than 10 minutes for generating cleaning solution. Among them, the mass concentration that MF is 0.1-1wt%, ammonium metavanadate is l-3wt%, and ammonium paratungstate controlled at 5-15wt%. The pH value of the oxalic acid solution supposed to be 5-7;
2. Blowing and cleaning the surface of SCR denitration catalyst by a sonic soot-blower for 15s, and then cleaning the surface and pore of catalyst for 1min in certain circumstances;
3. Washing the SCR denitration catalyst for 5mins, and collect the waste liquid at the same time;
4. Washing the SCR denitration catalyst with cleaning solution for 10-20mins, also the waste liquid should be collected;
5. Dry the catalyst through a hot air drying device for 2-4 hours, thus finish the progress of cleaning SCR denitration catalysts.

 

Preparing Composite Powder Tio2-Wo3-Sio2 Used as Catalyst Carrier

Anatase nanometer TiO2 is mainly used as activity carrier for denitration catalyst. Because of TiO2 composites with WO3 in TiO2-WO3-SiO2 powder, the structure and surface properties have been changed. Also it causes WO3 distributing more uniform, thus improve the processing performance which is advantageous to mixing, extruding, drying process, thus ensure  rate of finished products. We propose a method for preparing composite powder TiO2-WO3-SiO2, and the specific steps as follows:

1. Beating and dispersing the raw material H2TiO3, and then adjust the concentration of titanium dioxide slurry;
2. Add ammonium paratungstate and white carbon black into the slurry;
3. Add ammonia to adjust pH to 5.5~8.5 for improving combination with WO3 and the calcination properties of metatitanic acid;
4. Filtrating and dehydrating the slurry to get massive cake, in which mass fraction of TiO2is controlled in 40%~55%;
5. Crushing massive cake mechanical, then drying it at 200~380℃ for 2.5 hours, and then calcined 380~680℃ for 4.5 hours;
6. Crushing to generate the required composite powder TiO2-WO3-SiO2.

The method descripts above has the following advantages:
1) Low manufacturing cost, simple process;
2) The products obtained are not only with long service life and high surface area, surface chemical activity, good processing performance, but also have the advantages of high mechanical strength and resistance to erosion.

Tungsten Carbide Ball Grinding Methods (2/2)

Tungsten carbide ball double V-slot grinding can ensure that the rotation angle of the ball will change with sphericity, but it requires that the grinding tray V-slot up and down has higher properalignment and shape error and assembly error institutions needed to be effectively controlled, otherwise the blank ball can not roll along the groove smoothly. The relevant domestic scholars have done a lot of this research and developed a conical grinding method in which the abrasive disk is tapered, which makes carbide ball blank has a large corner across from the milling process (usually up to 45 ° left and right), to obtain a full rotation, enhanced rotary slide ball blank, improving overall processing efficiency. The following is a schematic view of the three grinding work mode, you can clearly see different from the design of the grinding tray:

tungsten carbide ball grinding methods

Besides these three kinds of conventional grinding methods, Related researchers and academics abroad in order to achieve high-speed grinding ceramic balls have also proposed a flexible and high material removal rate of magnetic fluid polishing. Its basic principle is to use magnetic fluid mixing abrasive particles as an abrasive, when the magnetic fluid is given a certain magnetic field, the magnetic fluid will produce upward thrust, by the corresponding floating disc ceramic balls implement processing load. It remarkably improve the efficiency of precision ceramic ball and its roundness error less than 0.14μm, surface roughness reaches 0.01μm, material removal rate reaches 12μm / min, which is more than 40 times that of conventional grinding method.

However, this method due to the complex structure, inconvenient operation, and the magnetic fluid itself heightening price, after the magnetic fluid and particles worn when machining, material removal will be affected to some extent, it is also the emergence of a non-magnetic fluid polishing (water and glycerol mixture) instead of magnetic fluid and resin bonded diamond grinding wheel instead of embedding the abrasive grinding tray. Although the processing efficiency and processing efficiency and non-abrasive magnetic fluid magnetic fluid grinding pretty, its precision can not be fully guaranteed, both of structure of them are relatively complex, which is not suitable for large-volume production of high-precision machining of tungsten carbide ball.

 

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