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4.Requirements for related raw materials of tungsten carbide anvils
It is advisable to use steel rings of 45NiCrMoVa steel, since it has a suitable hardness after heat treatment, and a good finish of the inner surface is required with no deformation. The precision of big and small machined pads must meet the requirements and the surfaces of the pads must be even and smooth and the material for the pads is GCr15 steel with a moderate hardness.Pyrophyllite shall not have too much water and the baking temperature and time must be moderate in order to prevent air bleeding or air blasting in the synthesization due to the moisture and the bad pressure transfer of pyrophyllite. Baked pyrophyllite must be stored in a thermostat chamber. The sealing electric conducting steel rings must be of good quality without any rust and they are to be baked at 150oC and stored without any contact with moisture.

5.Requirements for the synthesizing process
The tungsten carbide anvils require a synthesizing process that is compatible with cavities for synthesization.

Suggestions for reducing the consumption of tungsten carbide anvils
A non-continuous operation should be avoided. Some small tests must be done when optimizing and adjusting the process.
When the process of a single piece of equipment is stable, then it can be applied to other equipment. Various methods should be adopted to reduce the pressure and temperature in the system. Measures should be taken to improve the cooling efficiency of the carbide anvils and the heating system to reduce the temperature of the anvils. And operations are to be improved as well.

Handling and storage of tungsten carbide anvils
Anvils are easy to be damaged by collision and as a result after unpacking they should be individually placed in strong wooden cases or in wooden cases with partitions with one in each partition during inspection , machining and storage. They should be stored separately without any overlapping or contact with each other during assembling and installation. In the operations above precautions should be taken to avoid injuries from impact or squashing. Contamination and moisture should be avoided.


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1.Elimination of internal residuall stress
Before the use of tungsten carbide anvils, the anvils should undergo an ageing process to eliminate internal residual stress. They can be aged naturally for more than one month and of course the longer the better. They can be alternatively baked and oil bathed at a temperature of 180-220oC. Good results can not be achieved if the temperature is too low, and oxidation will occur on the surface of anvils if the temperature is too high. The ageing time is normally around one week.

2.Instruction for assembling tungsten carbide anvils
The steel ring and the carbide anvil should be installed with a rational shrinkage range and their conicity should be identical with a contact area of over 90% in order that the anvils stay in a state of elasticity while under a high pressure. Other parts that are in contact with the anvils during installation shall be in contact with the facets of the anvils instead of point or line contacts to avoid the local concentration of stress.

The allure of gold has been with mankind for centuries. However, all gold is not the same, and within gold processing different types exist, including pure gold, gold plating and gold alloys. 18-carat gold is a solid gold alloy, whereas gold plating, even if 18-carat, is just a covering over a different type of metal.

18-Carat Gold
In terms of purity, 18-carat gold is 75 percent gold, as opposed to 24-carat, which is 100 percent pure gold. Each carat grade contains a different percentage of gold mixed with other metals, depending on the gold being produced. Since gold is a soft metal and can be damaged or worn down easily, gold blended with stronger metals is preferred for jewelry and other pieces that are used often.

Gold Alloys
Each type of gold is blended with different metals, depending on the color desired. According to Enchanted Learning's gold page, an 18-carat yellow gold piece is 75 percent gold with 25 percent of it consisting of a 50/50 blend of silver and copper. An 18-carat white gold piece is a 25 percent blend of equal amounts of nickel, zinc, copper, tin and manganese. Other gold colors produced by different compositions include: pink, green, blue and grey gold

Gold Plating
Gold plating refers to a layer of gold applied over a base metal. The three types are gold plate, gold fill and gold leaf. According to E-Gold Prospecting, all gold plating must be at least 10 carats or higher, and the application processes differ: Gold plating is accomplished through a process called electroplating; gold filled means the overlay is bonded through a heat and pressure process and gold leaf is a plating applied by hand (see Reference 3).

Plating Pros and Cons
Each method of plating produces a gold product that wears differently. While gold leaf is used mostly for decorative purposes, such as architectural motifs, filled and plated gold is used for jewelry and items that are handled and used. According to Gem-Fashion, gold-plated items wear quickly due to polishing and exposure to body salt, while gold-filled pieces have a longer lifespan, reflected in their higher price.

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