The majority of tungsten carbide tool grades are made with standard size grains varying between 1 and 3 microns in size. Using larger grains of 2 - 6 microns will greatly increase the strength and toughness of the material because the larger grains interlock better. The trade off is that larger grain materials used by tungsten carbide tool do not offer as much resistance to wear as finer grain sized materials. Sub micron materials that vary between 0.4 and 1.0 micron grain size are harder than standard grain materials with the same cobalt content. The sub micron grains are much more uniform in size and hence give improved hardness as well as increased carbide strength. However, as specs show the transverse rupture strength is perhaps 20% improved on 15% sub micron compared to 15% fine grain material but this can give a false impression as sub micron carbide is not as resistant to impact and may chip more easily.

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Tungsten carbide tools sharpening instructions are listed as follows,

1.Determine if your tool needs sharpening. One easy way to decide if your tool is becoming dull is to see if it reflects light well. Shine is an indication of wear. You can also gently scrape a fingernail on a blade and see if it shaves off a sliver; if it does not, the blade is dull. Touch is not necessarily a good way to determine if a blade is sharp, as a dull carbide tool may still feel sharp.

2.Find a professional sharpening service. Sharpening carbide is not recommended for non-professionals, as it requires skill and specific sharpening machinery. Imprecise sharpening can ruin a tool, and a professional can restore a blade to like-new condition.

3.If you are interested in learning how to sharpen blades yourself, it is recommended that you locate a teacher.

4.Carbide tools require diamond for sharpening, due to their hardness. Wet grinding using an abrasive wheel on an automatic grinder is a very precise method of sharpening. It is also possible to sharpen a tool by using a diamond lap, but this is very imprecise and time-consuming.
 

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The tungsten carbide cutting tools are now in common use in industry and cryogenic treatment has been acknowledged by some as a means of extending the tool life of many cutting tool materials, but little is known about the mechanism behind it.When the differences in tool performance between cryogenically treated and untreated tungsten carbide tool inserts during the high-speed milling of medium carbon steel indicate that cryogenically treated tools exhibit better tool wear resistance than untreated ones. Also, it is evident that the application of coolant during cutting helps to reduce tool wear experienced by the cryogenically treated tools even further. In addition, cryogenically treated tools are found to perform best under a particular set of cutting conditions.

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Hard coating deposition by physical vapor deposition (PVD) such as TiN and TiCN have several advantages in tools application market, the main benefits can be listed as follows,

Hard coating depositions have high hardness, low wear coefficient and chemically inert nature of their surfaces against wear and corrosion, which largely influence the high-speed cutting technology develops.

Different from traditional coolants, Ti-base tungsten carbide end mills tools are environmental friendly and present no harm to human health. Moreover the lower disposal cost of this kind of tools also making effort in discreasing relevant manufacuring cost.   


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With the comparison of the tool life of tungsten coated by multi-layer TiCN and TialCN for end mills using Taguchi method indicates that the main factors of affecting tool life are different coated deposition, feed rate, spindle speed and tool material. And the tool material is the most critical influence in tool life in milling.In terms of the different coated deposition, the TiCN one has the best performance. When the coating deposition matches tool material the effect of hard coating deposition is small. Moreover the hard coating deposition can improve the wear problem on the tool surface and bring up the best wear resistance during the machining.


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Current hydrothermal method has been widely used in the synthesis of inorganic materials and material handling, compared to other methods have many advantages: a relatively simple equipment required for the reaction, and water and heat control has significant operational and adjustable degeneration; hydrothermal method particularly suitable for the synthesis of a special structure, a new specialty compounds and concentrations of condensed matter, rules-oriented and crystalline perfection of preparing a crystalline material balance defects; under hydrothermal conditions, the solution viscosity decreased, diffusion and mass transfer process more smoothly, active reactant has greatly improved, and thus can replace some of the hydrothermal synthesis temperature solid phase reaction, and promoting, the development of low-temperature synthetic chemistry.

In 1989, Sweden's Amberg, who for the first time by hydrothermal prepared a pyrochlore type tungsten oxide cubic system, the phase is a hydrothermal method in the study of pH = 3.0 synthetic magnesium tungstate in occasional crystals obtained using, parsed too known to be W2O6 • H2O (ie H2W2O7). Kenneth et al., 1992 reported a more detailed preparation conditions of the hydrothermal synthesis of crystalline tungsten oxide and its relationships, found in a pH range of 3.5 to 4.5 is obtained pyrochlore-type structure, at a pH of between 1.3 to 2.0 The resulting structure is hexagonal. Whereas at pH between 2.0 to 3.5 to obtain a pyrochlore type and hexagonal mixed phase, if the pH is greater than 5 are not precipitate the product. Guo et al., 1995 by hydrothermal synthesis using HCl to adjust the pH value of 6.0 was also prepared a pyrochlore-type oxide, tungsten, and the material has good electrochemical characteristics, indicating that factors pyrochlore type hydrothermal synthesis of tungsten oxide Many, wherein the pH of the environment is likely to be the most important factor.

Research on China Hydrothermal Method tungsten oxide pyrochlore type rarely, the method is slightly different: Within a pH range of 2.5 to 4.5 is obtained pyrochlore type superfine powder of pure tungsten oxide phase at pH get between 0.5 and 2.0 is hexagonal tungsten oxide. Studies have shown that while in the temperature range of 130 ~ 200 ℃ of the prepared powder grain size difference is not more than 5nm, the temperature can increase the grain size is slightly reduced, but little effect on the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in grain size. Powder aggregates mainly in the form of, EP-MA morphology shown in Figure 2, show the particle size analysis, the powder particle size 2 ~ 100μm bimodal distribution between the average particle diameter is large, and the powder for one month After the reunion phenomenon is more pronounced.

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Soft chemical synthesis under mild conditions, i.e. synthesis of inorganic functional material, or it is sought in the solution to a low temperature starting reactants are uniformly mixed on the molecular size, a controlled chemical reaction after generation precursor or intermediate, the last generation with the specified composition, structure and morphology of the material. 1988 French Coucou, who first synthesized by soft chemistry type of pyrochlore oxide, tungsten, they (NH4) 10-W12O41 • 5H2O as precursor glycol solution is heated in an acidic reflux get [(NH4) 2O] xW2O6 , repeatedly washed in acid solution, and the resulting powder is heated to remove water at 100 ℃, which obtained pyrochlore type tungsten oxide powder. Li et al., 1996, using the same method for preparing a series of (M2O) xWO3 • zH2O (M = H +, Li +, Na +, Ag +, and NH + 4), and to test the performance of the series powder humidity.

These methods often can only get there missing pyrochlore lattice type tungsten oxide, and water molecules which content is generally less than a full H2W2O7. Soft chemical method developed in recent years are generally presented Aurivil-lius Bi2W2O9 as precursor compounds obtained tungsten oxide pyrochlore type by acid treatment. RESchaak and ManabuKu-do, who devised the method detailed preparation process: Bi2O3 and WO3 will follow after 1:2 molar ratio of mixed 48h calcined at 800 ℃, resulting Bi2W2O9 into concentrated hydrochloric acid, and then vigorously stirred at room temperature for 72h to obtain undistorted H2W2O7 crystals. After H2W2O7 the vast majority of studies are based on this approach.

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Pyrochlore type oxide, tungsten mostly A bit deletion type of layered perovskite tissue, wherein a water molecule is formed directly in contact with the two-dimensional layer structure of tungsten by hydrogen bonding interactions between the layers. Chinese name is pyrochlore type oxide, tungsten foreign names Pyrochlore-typeH2W2O7, formula H2W2O7WO3 • 0.5H2O it for layered composites, sensing field, tungsten oxide calcined preparation.

Sodium ion exchange treatment pyrochlore type tungsten oxide were prepared containing H +, Ag +, NH + 4, Li + coke green
Stone type mixture, comparison found, [H-H2W2O7] has the lowest resistivity, and [Li-H2W2O7 relative humidity and resistivity between the number has the best linear law, and the sensor has a good durability and repeated sex. Focusing Greenstone type conducted research found that tungsten oxide Li insertion elements will cause changes in the lattice parameters, and could easily lead to a shift in the original amorphous crystal to generate a cavity structure and function with a certain sense.

In pyrochlore type tungsten oxide thin films as the cathode and lithium foil anode, 1mol / L of LiClO4 do electrolyte solution will power Li evenly embedded tungsten oxide pyrochlore type. The resulting products showed good electrochromic properties, and determines the chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium ions is 1.1 × 10-7cm2 / s, which is the highest value of the correlation coefficient can be achieved in the study.

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Different chain length alkyl amine embedded in the body of the layered inorganic microporous pillared material can be obtained, having a high specific surface area, porous structure with a pore size is adjustable, which research in the field of catalysis is important, but also in the adsorption, conduction, separation and catalysis and many other fields have broad application prospects. The several monohydric alkylamine (CnH2n + 1NH2, n = 4,8,12,16) embedded in a layered H2W2O7 behavior, they will H2W2O7 placed alkyl amine with a mixture of n-heptane, at room temperature 7d after reaction by washing, drying, to obtain a variety of layered composites. Alkylamine between the middle and the composite layer is formed by electrostatic attraction interaction, all-trans conformation bilayered arrangements, the layer spacing carbon atoms with alkylamines genus increases linearly. Bandgap semiconductor composite tungsten oxide is relatively much larger. Later they HTT as intermediates, but also indirectly by cation exchange mechanism of aniline cation H2W2O7 embedded between layers. Polyaniline molecules do not destroy the original laminate structure between the layers into a single vertical distribution. Comparative decomposition temperature H2W2O7 and alkylamine / H2W27 composite, polyaniline embedded greatly improved thermal stability of the material. Use H2W2O7 and n-octylamine was synthesized intercalation compound in a non-polar medium, heptane, after removal of the organic amine, the final calcination step to obtain a functional material, the material exhibits a very high sensitivity to alcohol. Also use H2W2O7 • xH2O with heptane / octane mixed solution reaction, between the release of the layer of water hydrolysis reaction with octylamine highly alkaline aqueous solution to form microdomains, [W2O7] bilayer is dissolved in an alkaline solution is high [WO4 ] monolayer, such as formula (7) below. Generation of H2-b (RNH3) WO4 quasi reverse micelles medium for highly ordered self-assembled inorganic - organic hybrid nanoribbons (C8NH2-HWO), the nano-dispersed in an aqueous solution with nitric acid, by magnetic stirring, the solid-liquid separation, washing, WO3 nanosheets after heat treatment, and the morphology, structure and formation mechanism of the product discussed. Later, after a series of studies, they will intercalation reaction of specific conditions were appropriate adjustments, the final establishment of the use H2W2O7 • xH2O preparation intercalation composites and nano-WO3 better process and noted that the method is suitable for large-scale WO3 nano production, low cost and meet the requirements of industrialization. H2W2O7 • xH2O + aRNH2H2-a (RNH3) W2O7 + xH2O (6) H2-a (RNH3) aW2O7 + (2b-a) RNH2 + H2O2H2-b (RNH3) bWO4 (7).

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Carbide coatings are produced in the form of cermets (ceramic and metal) they provide hardness and wear resistance coatings similar to solid sintered carbide components like carbide metal cutting tools. Metal oxides such as chromium oxide are also very hard and are very resistant to chemical attack so they can be an ideal solution when wear and corrosion are both present. Several metals and even some plastics are also used to provide wear resistant coatings.

Carbide coatings are produced in the form of cermets (ceramic and metal). Cermets provide hardness and wear resistance coatings similar to solid sintered carbide components like carbide metal working tools.

Tungsten carbide is an especially effective wear resistant coating, as it offers exceptionally high hardness levels (maximum 74 HRC hardness). Tungsten carbide is highly resistant to extreme temperatures below 650°C (1200°F) and corrosion.Metal oxides such as chromium oxide are also very hard and are very resistant to chemical attack so they can be an ideal solution when wear and corrosion are both present.


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