The content of base to acid in paratungstates was first given by Laurent as 5R₂O:12WO₃, whilst Lotz and Scheibler suggested the formula 3R₂O.7WO₃.xH₂O. Marignac, after careful analysis, concluded that most paratungstates contained 5R₂O:12WO₃, but that a few contained 3R₂O:7WO₃. Other investigators, for reasons mentioned above, were unable to decide between the two formulae. Copaux, from the behaviour of the salts towards dehydration, considered them to be hydrotungstates and gave them the co-ordinative formula R^•₅[H(W₂O₇)₃].aq. In support of this he points to the fact that the paratungstates resemble the complex tungstates in absorbing ultraviolet light, whereas normal tungstates do not do so. Rosenheim suggests that they are 6-tungsto-aquates of composition R₅H₅[H₂(WO₄)₆]aq.


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Solutions of tungstates containing ammonium sulphide yield with hydrochloric acid a brown precipitate of tungsten trisulphide. The addition of zinc chloride to a tungstate solution produces a yellow precipitate which becomes blue on warming with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. When excess of hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of alkali tungstate and the mixture reduced by means of zinc, brilliant colours, from red to blue, are produced; if phosphoric acid is used, a fine blue precipitate results.

The paratungstates are generally obtained by treating solutions of alkali normal tungstates with acid, or by double decomposition. They can only be obtained from solutions, and always contain water which appears essential to their constitution; it can only be removed with difficulty,.strong heating being necessary for complete dehydration, which is accompanied by decomposition of the salt into the soluble normal salt and the insoluble tetratungstate. From an investigation of the dehydration of the sodium and potassium salts the following results were obtained:
 

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The normal tungstates of the alkali metals are usually obtained by fusing together tungstic anhydride and the alkali hydroxide or carbonate in equivalent proportions. Those of the heavier metals are produced either by double decomposition in solution, or by fusing together an alkali tungstate and the chloride of the metal, often in the presence of sodium chloride. The tungstates of the alkali metals and of magnesium are soluble in water, those of other metals being insoluble, or only slightly soluble, not only in water but also in dilute acids. Concentrated mineral acids (except phosphoric acid) decompose them, with separation of tungstic acid. In this reaction the paratungstates behave similarly, whereas the metatungstates are not decomposed.


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Of the numerous types of salts of ordinary tungstic acid only two (the normal, of composition R₂O.WO₃.xH₂O, and the so-called para-tungstates in which the ratio R₂O:WO₃ = 3:7 or 5:12) have been accurately investigated and their existence established beyond doubt. The readiness with which one type of salt is transformed into another, and the fact that paratungstates decompose on prolonged contact with water or on heating, make exact analysis almost impossible; and an added difficulty lies in the high atomic weight of tungsten, the difference in composition of various compounds with high tungsten content being very small. It is from such causes that, although the paratungstates are recognised as a well-defined series of salts, their actual constitution and relation to the normal tungstates remains unestablished. Further, the higher acid salts such as hexa- and octa-tungstates appear to show a closer relation to meta-tungstates than to ordinary tungstates, but the nature of this has not been determined. According to Smith, tungstates of the type 4R₂O.10WO₃.xH₂O constitute another very definite series of salts.


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This division into only two groups is justified by the fact that the metatungstates show marked differences both in properties and in ionic reactivity from those of the ordinary normal and acid tungstates, whilst the latter are very similar in their reactions. The transformation of normal tungstates into ordinary acid tungstates takes place readily, whereas the formation of metatungstates - by the addition of tungstic acid or other acids to tungstates - takes place only slowly and incompletely at ordinary temperatures. Further differences between the two types of salts are found in the peculiar behaviour of metatungstates on dehydration, and in the fact that whilst normal and para-tungstates increase the specific rotatory power of tartaric acid, the metatungstates do not act in this way.


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Tungsten resin, also known as tungsten poly, tungsten rubber, tungsten plastic, etc., which is made by the composition of various resins and tungsten powder mixed together through special metallurgical technology.
This type of tungsten resins may include ABS (acryloynitrile butadiene styrene), PP (polypropylene), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PA (polyamide), PU (polyurethane), and TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), etc.. As its special high density of 11.34 g/cm3 min., tungsten resin has a perfect radiation shielding performance comparable to lead for anti-radiation shielding, and it is much healthier. Besides, tungsten resin is very easy to be cut or holed with household scissors and so much formable into shapes with various curved surfaces.
For the above properties, and also it enables to be formed in 3-dimensional mould, tungsten resin is popular for medical industry radiation protection, which is trying to replace lead radiation shielding products now, such as the fields of x-ray inspection, radiation-protective equipment, vibration suppression, acoustic (audio) isolation, etc.
 

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Sodium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na₂WO₄. This white, water-soluble solid is the sodium salt of tungstic acid. It is useful as a source of tungsten for chemical synthesis. It is an intermediate in the conversion of tungsten ores to the metal.

 

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Sodium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2WO4. This white, water-soluble solid is the sodium salt of tungstic acid. It is useful as a source of tungsten for chemical synthesis. It is an intermediate in the conversion of tungsten ores to the metal.

Treatment of sodium tungstate with hydrochloric acid gives the trioxide:

    Na₂WO₄ + 2 HCl → WO₃ + 2 NaCl + H₂O

This reaction can be reversed using aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide

 

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The predominant route to this salt is the extraction of tungsten ores, almost all of which are tungstates. Thus, the ores are treated with a base to give sodium tungstate, as illustrated in the case of wolframite:
Fe/MnWO₄ + 2 NaOH + 2 H₂O → Na₂WO₄•2H₂O + Fe/Mn(OH)₂

Scheelite is treated similarly using sodium carbonate.

Sodium tungstate can also be produced by treating tungsten carbide with a mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide in a fusion process which overcomes the high exothermicity of the reaction involved.

Several polymorphs of sodium tungstate are known, three at only one atmosphere pressure. They feature tetrahedral orthotungstate dianions but differ in the packing motif. The WO₄²⁻ anion adopts a structure like sulfate (SO₄²⁻).


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Tungstic acid resembles molybdic acid in that it reacts with bases to form many different types of salts. A satisfactory classification of these salts has long been, and still is, a matter of difficulty, owing to the fact that many of the compounds are only described by individual investigators, whose work is either insufficient in detail or has lacked confirmation by later workers. The existence of the di- and tri-tungstates prepared by Lefort has not been established. Laurent, in 1847, suggested that there were at least five distinct acids (combinations of tungstic anhydride with water in different proportions) with corresponding series of salts, and although the preparation and properties of all these acids have been described, it is now recognised, largely owing to the work of Riche, Scheibler, and Marignac, that only two different acids are definitely known to exist, namely, ordinary tungstic acid, H₂WO₄, and metatungstic acid, H₂W₄O₁₃.aq. The former is insoluble in water and reacts with bases to form normal di-, tri-, and para-tungstates; the latter is soluble in water and yields a well-defined series of salts, the metatungstates.


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