In fact, heat reduction method is the general term of many ways. Using production bronze phase tungsten oxide as example, there are solid - solid state reaction, the solid - molten reaction, gas - solid state reaction, thermal decomposition reaction and hydrothermal dissolution reactions and so on. In addition to hydrothermal and solvothermal reaction method, several other production methods require at higher temperature and reducing atmosphere, and this will inevitably increase the requirements for instruments and high energy consumption, difficult to control the reaction, the reaction process is easy appeared mixed phase. Therefore, it is not the best choice for producing bronze phase tungsten oxide. The hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis method has many advantages which get more and more people's attention. some researchers using glacial acetic acid and ethylene glycol as a solvent, and in autoclave which having lined stainless steel for 5 days at 200 ℃, the (NH4) 10W12O41 reduced to sixty thousand bronze with (NH4) xWO3.

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Study tungsten oxide photochromic almost half a century, but uncertainty and change color to characterize the unity of the light source chosen their development will be very slow. 1973 Deb use Urbach rule: K (v, T) = K₀exp [-B (E^Ω_g-hv) / KT]. Where hv is radiant energy, B and K₀ is a constant characteristic of the material. When the light energy is more than 3.5eV, the (Khv) ^{L / 2} and hv will be a linear relationship. That K is proportional to (hv-E^Ω_g) ² / hv. Accordingly reasoning greenhouse condition the energy band gap is3.25eV. Because the selection is a suitable light source, it is the key to discoloration. Currently there are reports of high pressure mercury lamp light source and two high-pressure xenon lamps. However, the use of light source wattage vary, mercury has 500w, 400w, 250w, 150w and the like. Xenon lamps have 500w, 200w, 150w, 75w, etc. Although only change the wattage of light intensity, but it reflects the color properties of tungsten oxide. In particular, to meet the different needs from the standpoint of photochromic material when under sunlight sunglasses manufacturers have been the most demand, high-band color and Zeng field of information needed for long-term stable material, and display material aspect requires fast coloring and bleaching properties.

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Tungsten crucible is the product of tungsten. Forging tungsten crucible refers to tungsten crucible is made through unwrought, whose purity can reach to 99.95% and density is up to 19.1g / cm3. Sintering tungsten crucible size is larger than the forging one, it can achieve the maximum diameter of 100mm, a thickness of 5 ~ 12mm, height up to 100mm.

Forging tungsten crucible is mainly used for smelting metals, such as, molten aluminum. Forging tungsten crucible’s density (can reach to 19.1g / cm3) is different from Sintering tungsten crucibles’ (18.2/cm3) in physical properties. Forging tungsten Crucible has a better crystal structure. Because of its high temperature resistance, it can be used as core container of rare earth smelting furnace and other industrial furnace.

Physical properties of forging tungsten crucible:

High purity;

High density;

No internal cracks;

Size precision;

Smooth inner and outer walls.


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Tungsten crucible has the properties of tungsten, wear-resistance, high melting point, high density, corrosion resistance and other properties; therefore, it is often used as a core container for sapphire growth furnace, rare earth smelting furnace, quartz glass melting furnace and other industrial furnace. Tungsten crucible working temperature typically is above 2000 ℃. In particular, for sapphire growth furnace, tungsten crucible with high-density, high purity, size precision, and smooth inner and outer walls and without internal cracks and other properties has played a key role in sapphire crystal growth process, such as, pulling quality control, seed success rate, off crystal stick pan and extend its useful life.


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To improve large-sized tungsten crucible production process, should mix the different thickness of the tungsten powder according to a certain proportion. Use mixed tungsten powder to compacts of large-sized crucible, and then by phased sintering, the sintering process is divided into four stages: sintering neck forming, sintering neck of growth, and the formation of voids and pores reduction and growth. Improved process for producing tungsten crucible can reach to the density of 18.0g / cm3 or more, the size of φ280mm × 400mm, the process is stable and can be mass-produced. Practical application proved that this kind of crucible is suitable for the rare earth metal smelting requirements.


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Geo-logging is a technique widely used to explore for oil and gas deposits. It consists of lowering a gamma source, which is usually located at the end of the drill string, into a bore hole.

A tungsten collimator is used to direct a beam of radiation from the source onto the rock strata. This beam is then reflected back onto detectors which are located higher in the drill string. Data from the detectors can indicate whether or not the rock is likely to contain deposits of oil or gas. Tungsten alloy is also used to shield the sensitive detectors from direct exposure to the radiation from the source. This helps ensure accuracy in the measurements.

The photograph below is the tungsten alloy materials for geo-logging.

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The crucible which is used for IF (Intermediate Frequency) sintering, it is always made of the tungsten material, i.e. tungsten crucible.

Crucible refers to use refractory materials, such as graphite, clay, quartz, tungsten, etc., to make from melt tank or vessel.

In the field of powder metallurgy, IF sintering has been widely used, especially when it is at higher sintering temperature or the process of producing those large work pieces, which is essential for sintering method. Tungsten crucible in the process of IF sintering, should ensure the furnace temperature is even and heating speed is fast. Therefore, tungsten crucible is one of the necessary equipment of intermediate frequency sintering.


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Tungsten crucible, as an important component of rare earth smelting, its performance and using life is very important. Previously, the main method of making tungsten crucible to melting rare earth is through molybdenum, tungsten, and tantalum rolled and welded to the slab. However, this crucible welds exist hortcomings; it would seriously affect its using life. Especially when it is at high temperatures, if use such a crucible to smelting high purity rare earth metal, its lifetime will be short, and this phenomenon will be very prominent. Therefore, the overall state of sintering tungsten crucible emerged, this kind of crucible, compared with other types of crucibles, it is with high purity, high density, easy to use, long life, for little smelting metal pollution and other properties. And it is widely used in the rare earth industry, which is tungsten processing products development and application of important results.


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Tungsten alloy has excellent radiation attenuation properties, allowing the thickness of shields to be reduced, while still effectively blocking harmful X-ray and gamma radiation.

Radiation is an effective tool within nuclear medicine for both diagnostics and treatment of patients. Techniques such as SPECT and PET utilize radioactive materials injected into the patient, which are then monitored by gamma cameras (SPECT) or scanners (PET) to detect the presence of tumours in the body.

The benefits of tungsten alloy in nuclear medicine：
High radiation attenuation; good shielding capability
Thinner and often lighter than equivalent lead shields
Easy to sterilise and keep clean
Non-toxic
Easily machined with conventional tools
Hard and durable – no need for coating

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Tungsten crucible is one of deep processing of tungsten products, so it owns the properties of tungsten (high melting point, high boiling point, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, good thermal conductivity, good conductivity, good harden ability, low expansion characteristics at high temperatures, etc.).

Its molding type can be divided into the following types: sintering molding, welding molding, pressing molding, spinning molding. Or turning molding by using tungsten rod (generally its relatively size is small), etc., or the use of pure tungsten plate, tungsten sheet and pure tungsten rod processing through the appropriate process form. Tungsten crucible is used in the conditions that it is in vacuum, in inert gas, and the temperature is below 2600℃. Tungsten crucible is widely applied in quartz glass, rare earth smelting, electronics coating, crystal growth and other industries.


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