Tungsten trioxide electrochromic response time is based on the ion/electron diffusion and transport speed on the internal material. Due to the size of the ion is much larger than electrons, thus transportation and diffusion of ions is the slowest part during the whole reaction process. Therefore, to improve the tungsten oxide electrochromic response time is the key to shorten the ion diffusion and transport time in the material. Limit ion injection / withdrawal rate has two main factors: First, the ion diffusion coefficient. Second are the ion diffusion pathways. With further research, at present, to enhance rapid response time of WO3 films, mainly change the microstructure of WO3 film. For example, using sol - gel method to produce WO3 • H2O, because the (WO4) 2- surrounded by water molecules so it will cause reactive ion (H +, Li +) are more likely to spread, thus greatly reducing the reaction time. According to double injection / extraction mode, thereby increasing the surface area of ​​the film can be improved electrochromic properties. And using magnetron sputtering method to produce ZnO thin films which is a base material produce where it is on the ITO conductive glass. And then produce ZnO nano rods. Finally using pulsed laser deposition method let WO3 particles deposited on the surface of the nanorods. Tests show that the stability of tungsten oxide film and the corresponding rate has been greatly improved.

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In inorganic electrochromic material there are most of the transition metal oxide and its derivatives. In inorganic electrochromic material which can be divided into different type which is according to the different coloring process such as reduction status coloring staining material, oxidation status staining material and oxidation/reduction status all staining. Tungsten trioxide is reduction status staining material. At present, there are many inorganic electrochromic material, such as tungsten trioxide (WO₃), nickel oxide (NiO_x) and Prussian blue (PB). And WO₃ is the most studied and the most mature one electrochromic material. WO₃ is perovskite structure which is made of WO₆ octahedron. W atoms occupy the cube apex. O atoms occupy the position of each cube. When the center position vacant the valence states of W is +6, then WO₃ films are transparent. When the cation fills the center position, oxidation status of W will reduce to form a mixed valence compound W^V and W^VI, and WO₃ film is blue. Although the mechanism of color changing of film is not clear yet, but double injection model was accepted by most scholars. That mean the color of tungsten trioxide films change is due to hydrogen ions and electrons injected simultaneously to film material. WO₃ electrochromic reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation: WO3 + xe^- + xH ⁺ ← → HxWO₃.

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At the early time, after studied electrochromism of tungsten trioxide researchers found that the films color change due to the hydrogen ions and electrons are simultaneously injected to it.  Besides the chemical reaction process is reversible. However, It also led many scholars believe that tungsten trioxide gasochromic also cause by the hydrogen ions and electrons injected. But after study found that double-injection model of gaschromic is more complicate than electrochromic’s. In the double injection model of gasochromic, the coloring process is by dissociate H2 into H atoms or H ⁺ which is absorbed to catalytic Pt particle surface, H atom transfer from the metal particle surface to the surface of the tungsten trioxide film, and then injected into the tungsten trioxide film. Then make the color of the film change. The bleaching process also adsorbed O₂ which is on the catalyst surface, then transfer to WO₃ film surface, forming a strong chemical activity of O atom or O^2-, so that it can attract out H ⁺ which is exist in film, and with H ⁺ to form H₂O molecules. Therefore H₂O released from the film causing discoloration of the film. From this we can see that fade and coloring is an irreversible chemical reaction process.

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Tungsten stream mouth, also called iridium stream mouth, which is made of an alloy of tungsten and iridium, which has the following properties: wear-resistant, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, erosion resistance, high specific density, high hardness, high melting point, good thermal conductivity, good conductivity, low expansion characteristics at high temperatures and dimensional stability, good chemical stability and other properties.

Tungsten stream mouth can be used as funnel-type fittings to quantitatively discharge high temperature dissolved pulp outwardly, that is to say, it could be used as a key part for the production of refractory fibers. The following is something about silicate aluminum refractory fiber. Because overheating melt (silica and alumina) will discharge through the mouth and spray into the fiber, and overheating melt temperature is about 2300 ℃, therefore you need to use tungsten iridium stream mouth. With the continuous expansion of aluminosilicate refractory fiber manufacturing industry, the market demand of tungsten iridium stream mouth is also rising.

 

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Tungsten stream mouth, also called iridium stream mouth, which is made of an alloy of tungsten and iridium, and takes advantage over the two elements. Tungsten owns the following properties: high specific density, high hardness, good thermal conductivity, good conductivity, heat resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, low expansion characteristics at high temperatures and dimensional stability. In all metals, tungsten has the highest melting point (up to 3380 ℃), maximum tensile strength (at the temperature of 1650 ° C) and the lowest vapor pressure.

Iridium owns high temperature corrosion resistance, high melting point, good chemical stability and other properties. In tungsten iridium alloy, tungsten and iridium performance has been very good fusion of two elements, such that product hardness, strength, abrasion resistance, and heat resistance have been further improved, and then the consistency of the product can be better ensured. Tungsten iridium stream mouth has become the indispensable equipment component of high-tech crystal glass industry.

 

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Tungsten iridium stream mouth is composed of tungsten substrate and iridium tube, which takes advantage over the two elements.

If the density of tungsten substrate is higher, the high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance of product will be the better.  According to the production and use of statistical analysis, the provisions of tungsten substrate density should not be less than 17.7 g / cm3.

The bonding strength between tungsten substrate and iridium tube is an important indicator of product life. If the bonding strength is better, the high temperature resistance of product will also be better and product will serve a longer life. According to feedback results and the current state of the art technology, the provisions of tungsten substrate and iridium tube bonding strength will be judged qualification when the product is applied 1000 g weight for 10 seconds and would not off.

Iridium stream mouth tungsten surface should be smooth, no glitches, cracks, folds, peeling, holes and other defects, to ensure its service life.

 

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Tungsten iridium stream mouth is composed of tungsten substrate and iridium tube, which takes advantage over the two elements.

Tungsten properties: high specific density, high hardness, good thermal conductivity, good conductivity, heat resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, low expansion characteristics at high temperatures and dimensional stability. In all metals, tungsten has the highest melting point (up to 3380 ℃), maximum tensile strength (at the temperature of 1650 ° C) and the lowest vapor pressure.

Iridium properties: high temperature corrosion resistance, high melting point, good chemical stability properties.

Tungsten and iridium properties have been very good fusion of two elements, such that product hardness, strength, abrasion resistance, and heat resistance can be further improved.

Tungsten iridium stream mouth was prepared by powder metallurgy method with hydrogen sintering and other process. It is mainly used as high temperature resistance container in the heating generator of induction furnace, rare earth metal smelting, and the quartz glass smelting for high temperature, and it can also be used as a funnel-type fittings to quantitatively discharge high temperature dissolved pulp outwardly. In the glass and ceramics industry, tungsten stream mouth is a very critical part in ceramics production.

 

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Tungsten carbide buttons are widely applied in geological prospecting, coal mining and oil well boring. Because of its high wear resistance, high bending strength and high hardness, tungsten carbide button is ideally suited for wear parts, other machine parts and dies which are subject to severe service conditions, such as high temperatures, corrosion and abrasion.

Below are the properties of tungsten carbide button in different grade.
 

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Tungsten carbide buttons are widely applied in geological prospecting, coal mining and oil well boring. Because of its wear resistance and hardness, tungsten carbide button is ideally suited for wear parts, other machine parts and dies which are subject to severe service conditions, such as high temperatures, corrosion and abrasion. In recent years, tungsten carbide button has emerged as a superior alternative to steel in many industrial applications.

Most of this tungsten carbide wear parts and the mining tools are made of straight WC-Co hard metals without any addition of other carbides. Fine and ultra fine grained tungsten carbide rod buttons have become more and more important today in the field of wear parts, cutting tools for cast iron, non ferrous alloys and wood.

A large portion of the tungsten volume in cemented carbide is today used in wear part applications, where there is a wide range of products from the very small (such as balls for ball-point pens) to large and heavy products, such as punches, dies or hot rolls for rolling mills in the steel industry.


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Tungsten carbide products, one of the most hard materials in the world, are often used as cutting tools, mining tools for drilling mineral, oil-exploring, crushing or grinding rocks, they are also made as the tips brazed into saw blade, drill bits to cutting wood and plastic. In short, tungsten carbide is widely used in the fields of aerospace, semi-conductor, defense, petroleum-chemistry, mining, metallurgy, machinery and medical industries.

Tungsten carbide buttons as its unique performance are widely application for oil filed drilling. According to the different oil-field drilling machinery such as Roller Cone Bits, DTH Bits, Geotechnical Drilling Tools, Drifter Bits, button been divided into different standard styles : P type flat-top bits, Z type coin spherical bits, X type wedge bits.

Tungsten carbide button is used in the coal cutter drilling tools, mine machinery tools and road maintenance tools. It is also widely applied for rock tools, mining tools for use in quarrying, mining, tunneling, and civil constructions. 


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