This is the first part introduction of properties of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binder.

Studies of alkali-activated cements have a long history in the former Soviet Union, Scandinavia, and Eastern Europe. In 1978, Davidovits created the term ‘‘geopolymer’’, to characterise new materials with the ability to transform, polycondense and adopt a shape rapidly at low temperatures like ‘‘polymers’’. The polymerisation process involves a chemical reaction under highly alkaline conditions on Al–Si minerals yielding polymeric Si–O–Al–O bonds with empirical formula Mn [–(Si–O2)z–Al–O]n. wH2O, where n is the degree of polymerization, z is 1, 2 or 3, and M is an alkali cation, such as potassium or sodium. Davidovits reported several advantages of geopolymeric cementitious systems over Portland cement mainly environmental, due to the fact that geopolymeric based concrete has a much longer service life than Portland cement based ones, to the metals waste encapsulation capacity and to lower CO2 emissions. The geopolymerization requires a precursor that contains significant quantities of silicon and aluminium held in an amorphous phase such as ashes from power stations or mining and quarrying wastes.

Over the last years several authors have reported research in a large number of aspects related to geopolymeric based binders such as: dependence of the nature on source materials (geopolymers synthesised from calcined sources show a higher compressive strength than from raw materials), immobilization of toxic metals, reaction mechanisms and hydration products, the role of calcium in geopolymerization, manufacture operations and even the development of lightweight building materials.

 

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Tungsten ore dressing methods are mainly hand-selected, HM election, re-election, flotation, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation. Wolframite in order to re-election dominated while scheelite flotation mainly associated. To the full recovery of useful components, improving the quality and tungsten concentrates recycling rate, currently the trend of dressing and smelting technology combined to increase the baking and Leaching and other hydrometallurgical refining methods.

Many types of tungsten ore in earth, there are mainly two; black tungsten ore (wolframite) and scheelite (calcium tungsten ore). There is a variety of ore mineral paragenesis, in order to pass the quality of mineral concentrate to meet the requirement and the associated recovery of useful mineral, generally based on the major component of the ore, taking into account the characteristic of associated component, selection process consisting of two or more method.

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Most of the tungsten ore deposits are also spatially related to Yenshanian granites. These granites include several intrusions, isotopically dated at 160–180 m. y. and 70–100 m. y. The concentration of trace elements, especially W Mo, Sn, Ta, Nb, Li, and F are relatively high in the granites. In the granites of South China, the average WO₃ is 4.35 ppm, but in Yenshanian granites, which are the youngest of these, the average WO3 is 5.16 ppm. In the youngest of Yenshanian granites, a light mica-albite granite has been identified, whose average WO₃ is as high as 242.3 ppm. From this line of evidence, the tungsten ore deposits in South China are considered to be genetically related to Yenshanian granites.

Wolframite-sulfide-quartz veins and scheelite skarns provide the bulk of the reserves and production. There are many different kinds of alteration associated with the different tungsten ore deposits, but the principal ones are silicification, greisenization, potash-feldspathization and chloritization.

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The process of tungsten carbide nozzle is more complicate than the iron, and the price is more expensive. Tungsten carbide nozzle has good toughness, strength, and conductivity for heat, but its lifespan needs to be promoted. In addition, it’s not suitable for producing nozzle with complicated structure. The most widely used in practical application is that made into ring and set in the most easily abrasives, such as Y types used by the USA, Canada, and Chinese multilevel nozzle.

Pottery has good performance in anti-corrosion and heat-resisting, which becomes the first choice in project application gradually, such as cutting-tools making, bearing parts, motor parts and some anti-corrosion parts for metallurgy, coal mine and chemical industry. What’s more, pottery nozzle lifespan is a great leap forward compared with iron and tungsten carbide. However, potter has two unavoidable shortcomings, which are the cost and the fragility. It is easily broken and spalling under a huge impact so that it is not suitable for some occasions of huge impact.

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In early days, iron was the most popular materials for nozzles, but its lifespan is short. With the development of grind compound jetting and material science, the first nozzle made by tungsten carbide (WC) came out, which had a longer lifespan in the late of 1930’s. After that, pottery nozzle is appearing. In a word, nozzle made by pottery has the longest lifespan compared with iron and tungsten carbide.

Nozzle made by iron has good processing technique and toughness, and it can be improve in hardness and toughness through heat treatment. However, it has the high rate of erosion under low angle of erosion so that its lifespan is short. In general, iron nozzle processing is simple and cost little, but it’s not suitable for large-scale project. In addition, we can use seamless steel tube to make nozzle, which has two different functions.

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is one of the nuclear medicine techniques available for diagnosis. Whilst X-rays provide information on the structure of the body, PET shows the chemical function of a particular organism. PET involves the injection of FDG (a glucose-based radionuclide) shielded syringe into the patient. As the FDG travels through the patient’s body it emits gamma radiation which is detected by a gamma camera, from which the chemical activity within cells and organs can be seen. Any abnormal chemical activity may be a sign that tumors are present. PET scans are frequently used to detect cancerous tumors and diseases of the brain and coronary arteries.

Applications for tungsten alloy shielding in PET include:
PET syringe shield
Tungsten vial shield
Tungsten FDG transport container
Collimator for gamma camera
Technetium generator

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Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear medicine scans are usually conducted by radiographers. Radiation is an effective tool within nuclear medicine for both diagnostics and treatment of patients.

Tungsten alloy is ideal for shielding against X-rays and gamma radiation. The very high density of tungsten shielding, which is more than 60% density than lead, allows a reduction in the physical size of shielding components, without compromising their rigidity or the effectiveness of the shielding characteristics. Tungsten alloy shielding is used in applications such as collimator, nuclear shielding, beam stop, PET syringe shield, vial shield, isotope container, FDG container, multileaf collimator etc.

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Steeplechase tungsten dart rule may be played by any number of players. It is good practice because it makes you aim at areas of the board you might not normally try to hit.

The Object: To be the first to win the "race" by making your way around the course.

The Scoring: No scoring is needed as long as you can remember playing order and what number each person is up to.

The Play: One dart is thrown by each player at bulls - eye, closest to the bulls - eye goes first.

You must hit one dart in each number starting with 20 and continuing clockwise around the board until the 5 is hit. Only the thin wedge between the bulls - eye and the triples ring (the thin inner ring) count. Any darts that fall outside of this area do not count. All numbers must be hit IN ORDER. Any number of darts may be used to hit the current target number, but once the number is hit, you do not throw your remaining darts and your turn is over.

The rules are different when you must jump the "fences". The fences are located at 6, 3 and 11. To successfully jump a fence, you must hit the triple of the number that the fence is located at instead of the thin wedge. You are also limited to nine darts (three turns) to try to jump the fence. If you do not succeed in jumping the fence with nine darts, you are out of the race.

I have also heard of this game being played with four fences located at 13, 17, 8 and 5. I personally like the first method better. First the locations of the fences in this method are a little confusing to remember. Secondly, having the fence in the number 5 to win the race can be very frustrating. When I tried this method, there were several games where nobody won! We made it all the way around the course and couldn't nail a triple 5. Try both ways and see what you think.

Strategy: Don't fall off your horse, it really hurts.

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X-Out is a very enjoyable tungsten dart rule for 2 teams or players. The game is played very similar to Cricket without points.
 
The Object: The object of the game is to "close" all your numbers (20 down through 10). To close a number, you must hit three of that number.

The Scoring: The scoreboard is drawn with the numbers 20 through 10 written in descending order down the center of the board. Each tungsten dart that lands in any of the games numbers count toward closing that number. The thin outer ring counts as two of that number and is called a "double". The thin inner ring counts as three of that number and is called a triple. Scoring for one dart is shown by placing a slash next to the number scored. Scoring for two is shown by placing an X next to the number scored. Scoring for three is shown by placing a circle next to the number to indicate it is closed. When three of a number is scored in any combination, it is closed.

The Play: The players each take a turn throwing one dart at bulls-eye, closet tungsten dart to the bulls - eye gets to throw first. The first player throws three darts at any of the scoring numbers to try to close that number. The player then scores the darts that he has thrown and play alternates until one player/team closes all their numbers.

Strategy: There really isn't any strategy to this game, just try to close your numbers.

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Spinning means that your tungsten dart rotates (spins) when you throw it. Some players that have noticed this spin are concerned whether this is okay or a bad thing.

Spin is not a bad thing. It is an additional source for errors, as it is an additional movement, but on the other hand spin also adds stability. These two things eliminate each other, so there is no use worrying about it. In no case should you try to consciously make your tungsten darts spin or consciously try to eliminate spin.

Spinning has nothing to do with tungsten darts tuning. It is not determined or influenced by the flight/shaft system. It is determined by your personal throw.

Tungsten darts can go straightly onto the dartboard, while darts of other materials such as plastic, wood, etc., would be affected by the air or wind, so we recommend tungsten darts for professional dart game.

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