The energy which must be absorbed in a CaWO₄ x-ray intensifying screen to produce unit net opetical density on a film has been evaluated by measurement and calculation for a screen-film system over a range of beam qualities (1.4--7.4 mm A1 HVL) spanning the diagnostic x-ray region. It was found to be constant within experimental error. The absorbed-energy constant for three additional CaWO₄ screens is presented for a single beam quality. To correct the estimation of absorbed energy, the fractional escape of tungsten K x rays has been evaluated and the results are presented as a function of phosphor loading. The absorbed-energy constant is useful for predicting optical density for variable beam conditions; a family of characteristic curves based on exposure is reduced to one curve for a particular film-screen system, expressed as optical density as a function of absorbed energy.

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CaWO₄ single crystals have been grown and compared by three different high temperature solution methods, viz. the normal flux-cooling procedure, the indirect flux-reaction technique and the isothermal flux-evaporation method. The typical as-grown bipyramidal crystals obtained by these methods have been found to be mostly large and perfect with varying degree of transparency. The crystals are characterised by using EDAX, X-ray diffraction, electrical conduction, micromechanical tests and chemical etching. The assessment of various characteristics of the grown crystals is likely to show enormous usefulness of the flux grown crystals.

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The silicon-molybdenum blue spectrophotometry was used to measure micro silicon in calcium tungstate and calcium titanale. The experiments were carried out to separate large quantities of interference elements of tungsten and titanium,and to analyse the factors influencing the silicon measurement. The measurement conditions were determined. The method is simple,convenient and accurate,and can be well repealed.

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The heart of an X-ray machine is an electrode pair -- a cathode and an anode -- that sits inside a glass vacuum tube. The cathode is a heated filament, like you might find in an older fluorescent lamp. The machine passes current through the filament, heating it up. The heat sputters electrons off of the filament surface. The positively-charged anode, a flat disc made of tungsten, draws the electrons across the tube.

The voltage difference between the cathode and anode is extremely high, so the electrons fly through the tube with a great deal of force. When a speeding electron collides with a tungsten atom, it knocks loose an electron in one of the atom's lower orbital. An electron in a higher orbital immediately falls to the lower energy level, releasing its extra energy in the form of a photon. It's a big drop, so the photon has a high energy level -- it is an X-ray photon.

Due to tungsten alloy has high density, excellent radiation attenuation properties, and environmental friendly, it is also can be used to produce into tungsten case as the radiation shielding to protect medical staffs from the damage of radiation.

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A radiation apparatus including a radiation source and a collimation assembly is provided. The collimation assembly may include a tungsten multileaf collimator, a motion assembly, and other fixed and movable beam limiting devices. Tungsten multileaf collimator includes a support body and a plurality of pairs of tungsten beam blocking leaves supported by the support body in one or more planes, and the leaves of each pair are longitudinally movable relative each other. The motion assembly includes an actuator and a guide assembly operable to move the support body thereby allowing the one or more planes of tungsten beam blocking leaves to rotate about the radiation source.

In a radiation method, the shape and motion of a tungsten target in a subject is determined. A radiation beam is provided from a source to tungsten target. A treatment field substantially conforming to the shape of tungsten target is defined using a tungsten multileaf collimator assembly comprising a support body and a plurality of tungsten beam blocking leaves supported by the support body. The defined treatment field is moved by moving the support body with the motion of the target.

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A collimation assembly including a tungsten multileaf collimator and a motion assembly is provided. Due to tungsten alloy has high density, excellent radiation attenuation properties, and environmental friendly, it is widely used to produce tungsten multileaf collimator in a collimator assembly. Tungsten multileaf collimator comprises a support body and a plurality of pairs of tungsten beam blocking leaves supported by the support body.

Tungsten leaves of each pair being longitudinally movable in a first direction; and the motion assembly comprises an actuator and a guide assembly operable to move the support body thereby allowing the plurality of pairs of tungsten beam blocking leaves to move in a second direction generally transverse to the first direction and the beam axis.

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6. The overhaul of capacitor capacity

First, put the capacitor flatly on the cylinder head, and make the housing grounding, then, the high voltage bus is aligned with capacitor wire head about 5mm, then struck tungsten contacts of distributor, so that high-voltage current charged in the capacitor 4-5times. At this time move the capacitor wire head into the housing of about 3mm, if the following phenomenon appears, then the capacity of the capacitor is small and should be replaced. Phenomenon: Flash over, but the spark is weak and sound is small, sparks are dark red; if the following phenomenon appears, then the capacity of the capacitor is large, you don’t need to replacement it. Phenomena: flashover and the sound are louder, with blue sparks.

7. The overhaul of battery wire connection

Remove the oxide of each wire connector and tighten the wires.

8. The overhaul of generator

You can appropriately increase the contact gap of tungsten contacts to avoid the engine is rotating in low speed for a long time.




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4. The overhaul of tungsten contacts ablation on tungsten contact spring arm in distributor

If there is no spring balance, you can check tungsten contacts gap firstly. If the gap is greater than the 0.37mm, that is normal, then the tungsten contacts are closed, and then hand struck tungsten contacts to test fire, if there is a strong high voltage spark, then the tungsten contact spring arm is too soft.

If you have a spring balance, then: You can use spring balance to hook one end of the active tungsten contact arm, when the contact is opened, if the reading on the spring balance does not meet the spring force standard of tungsten contact of the car model, you should replace it, On the other hand, you do not need to replace it.

5. The overhaul of capacitor ground

You must fasten the capacitor case and tighten the wire point in order.




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2. The overhaul of tungsten contacts ablation on riveting loose or bracket set screw loose.
First, open the distributor cap, the first is visual inspection of the condition of tungsten rivet and contacts bracket set screw loose situation, and then, and then pull the two tungsten contacts back and forth. If the tungsten contacts are loose, then: you should remove tungsten contacts, re-riveting, to make it no loose, or replacement tungsten contacts directly.
If the tungsten contacts bracket set screw is loose, then tighten it.

3. The overhaul of the skew and offset condition of contact surface.
First, open the distributor cap, the first is visual inspection of the offset, skew situation.
If the contact surface offset, then: You can adjust the gasket of active tungsten contact arm.
If the contact surface of tungsten contacts has skew or excursion, then: You can use pliers to twist tungsten contacts frame to correct.

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1. The overhaul of tungsten contacts gap in distributor.

Open the lid of the distributor, shake and rotate the engine, so that tungsten contacts of the distributor is in good state, then, check the gap among tungsten contacts, to see whether it is less than 0.37mm, if less than 0.37mm, we need to check the extent of tungsten contacts ablation, otherwise, you do not need to check.

If the extent of tungsten contacts ablation is very serious, then: Firstly, put on gloves, remove the tungsten contacts, and put it on a flat stone; then, get some oil in your hand, then pull back and forth parallel to polish tungsten contacts, to prevent partial wear during, you should not use hand to swing it .

If the extent of tungsten contacts ablation is not serious, then: using platinum sand bar or fine sandpaper to smooth ablation. When using fine sandpaper, fine sandpaper can be turned over, so its sand finish is outwardly facing to polish tungsten contacts, and then be turned back, and erasing the dirt left by milling until tungsten contacts is clean.




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