Rare because there is no good news to stimulate the market , prices were slightly lower. Buyers due to price instability, mining goods, lower prices , some manufacturers still held firm offer, some SMEs choose a small low-cost goods to go .

Dysprosium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax 159-161 yuan / ton, dysprosium iron mainstream manufacturers tax price 164-166 yuan / ton.

Praseodymium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 570,000-580,000 yuan / ton. Neodymium oxide 310,000-320,000 yuan / ton.

Lanthanum oxide manufacturers tax price 18,500-19,500 yuan / ton. Cerium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 19,500-20,500 yuan / ton.

Neodymium oxide, praseodymium mainstream manufacturers tax price 315,000-325,000 yuan / ton , praseodymium , neodymium metal mainstream manufacturers tax price 410,000-420,000 yuan / ton.

Fluorescent europium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 3,800-4,000 yuan / kg. Terbium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 3,000-3,200 yuan / kg.


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Party committee secretary Longnan Economic and Technological Development Zone , south county party secretary Xue Qiang Long investigation of the rare earth mine waste management project Long River south foot hole .

Along a muddy mountain road , Xue Qiang boarded the East River rare earth mine roof, look at the status of the rare earth mine, listened to the people responsible for the project implementation report . Xue Qiang pointed out that due to historical reasons, the rare earth mine geological environment governance debts too , has become a prominent county mine geological environment , the people 's production and life of the mine caused a greater impact , strengthen the recovery of rare earth mine geological environment governance imperative.

Xue Qiang requirements, one should strictly follow the " comprehensive development and utilization of Ganzhou Rare Earth pilot program ," the governance requirements , accelerate the implementation of the project ; Second, we must closely Long Economic Development Zone Deep South Industrial Park Phase II development plan providers , unified arrangement of control measures ; three We should give full play to project headquarters technical advantages, grasp the quality of project management , ensuring the effectiveness of governance .


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China 's rare earth production continued to hold the first in the world , but some other countries also began producing rare earths. U.S. Geological Survey , " 2014 Rare Report" shows that a total of eight countries worldwide production of rare earth, rare earth production in these countries respectively in 2013 .

( 1 ) Mineral greater China 2013 China Rare Earth about 100,000 tons (REO), and 2012 is basically the same level of production and export quotas of 93,800 tons and 31,000 tons . March 26 this year , WTO preliminary ruling Chinese exports of rare earth products such as the implementation of tariffs and quotas violations may cause China to abolish the quota system . But China has appealed , the final outcome is still uncertain .

( 2 ) United States United States rare earth minerals in 2013 4,000 tons (REO), more than 800 tons in 2012 , a substantial increase . Meanwhile , the amount of rare earth smelting products for $ 260 million , last year was $ 519 million , have decreased substantially. America is the only one molybdenum producer of rare earth production from the Mountain Pass mine in California .

( 3 ) India 2013 2900 tons of rare earth minerals in India (REO), basic maintenance prior year levels. India's heavy rare earth rare earth ore is separated rare earth elements from the beach sand . Indian Bureau of Mines is expected to increase in the future demand for rare earths , the price will rise.

( 4 ) the amount of rare earth minerals in Russia in 2013 to 2,400 tons in Russia (REO), basic maintenance prior year levels. In the future, Russia may increase the production of rare earth . In order to reduce dependence on Chinese rare earths last year, the country's decision in 2018 to invest $ 1 billion for the rare earth production . The plan is to extract rare earths from monazite . Because of Russia's rare earth stocks almost exhausted , the need to rebuild inventories , but the sharp rise in the price of Chinese rare earth , rare earth and therefore the Russian government plans to expand production .

( 5 ) Australia 2013 Australia 2,000 tons of rare earth minerals (REO), there was a substantial decline in 3200 than 2012 tons. According to Geoscience Australia noted that Australia's rare earth reserves of 165 million tons. The project is located in Western Australia and the Northern Territory and New South Wales .

( 6 ) the amount of mineral in Vietnam Vietnam in 2013 was 220 tons of rare earth (REO), basically flat with last year . In 2012, Japan and Vietnam decided to jointly produce rare earth, and to establish a joint research center in Hanoi to study methods of extraction and processing of rare earths .

( 7 ) Brazil 2013 Brazil 140 tons of rare earth ore output (REO), basic maintenance prior year levels. 2011 CVRD discovered a large rare earth mine in the Amazon its Salobo copper project. With other countries, Brazil also wants to reduce dependence on Chinese rare earth mine .

( 8 ) the amount of rare earth minerals in Malaysia in 2013 to 100 tons in Malaysia , basic maintenance prior year levels. Australian rare earth rare earth processing company in Malaysia , North Carolina company , but its rare earth ore from Australia .


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Recently, the third installment in the list of industrial products, quality control and technical evaluation laboratory MIIT announced in Hunan Province Analysis and Testing Center of rare earth rare earth smelting and processed successfully selected national quality control of industrial products and technology evaluation laboratory , becoming the province 7 national level , " industrial products Laboratory " one.

Quality control of industrial products and technology evaluation laboratory , approved by the Ministry , its product quality control and technical evaluation of the ability level of the nation's leading and promoting industrial development of varieties, improve quality, create a brand and improve services play an important role . Was approved as a national " Industrial Products Laboratory ", the country in terms of industrial planning and special funding arrangements , will be the focus of support. With advanced large-scale testing equipment , including : inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy , atomic absorption spectroscopy , infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer , infrared oxygen and nitrogen analyzer, particle size analyzer ( Malvern, UK ) , fixed hydrogen analyzer, the average particle size analyzer, electron microscopy analyzer, imported plasma emission spectrometer , X- fluorescence detector. Over the years , the center completed a large delegation of business at home and abroad to detect and development work undertaken rare drafting a number of national standard analytical methods and standards of the sample.


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Recently, the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics (MPL) team of experts at the recent success of the first single crystal rare earth ions precise positioning and accurate measurement of the energy state of its quantum mechanics. This study makes quantum information stored in the ion possible future development of quantum computers will have a significant contribution.

Worldwide, many scholars are studying the future to build a quantum computer module. Among them, the quantum system is a key element , quantum dots or light absorption defect ( color center ) is currently the focus of attention of many researchers . However, the light emitted by the rare earth ions are very small and difficult to detect . With precision laser and microscope technology experts after more than six years of in-depth study , yttrium silicate crystals in the trivalent praseodymium ions (Pr3 +) to pinpoint a few nanometers , and with unprecedented precision measuring its optical properties.

Scientists use a laser to excite ions in the single crystal , and observe how they after some time emit energy in the form of light again . Due to the rare earth ions by thermal and acoustic vibration crystals is not strong , some of its unusually stable energy state , you need more than a minute before returning to the ground state , which is more than most of today's studies of quantum systems millions of times a long time . Different information is stored in the quantum energy states of an atom or ion , praseodymium ion as a quantum computer memory .


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Rare is an important strategic resource , known as " industrial vitamins " , widely used in the new energy , new materials , electronic information , aerospace and other fields. At present , China's rare earth production accounted for an absolute position , more than 90% of global annual demand . But the rare earth industry big but not strong , exports hit U.S. and European complaints side , the other side due to environmental pollution , resource utilization is low, the lack of core technology and low excess capacity and other issues have long plagued the healthy development of the industry .

( A ) serious environmental pollution problems , the high cost of governance

Direct contamination of rare earth mining mountains, rivers , green vegetation , soil , so rich in the United States , Australia and rare earth resources , over the years has been to limit exploitation by low-priced imports to meet domestic demand for rare earths , which is mainly based on the consideration of resource extraction over environmental damage.

China's rare earth resource distribution has a " South Ganzhou , north of Baotou ," said. Rich in heavy rare earth resources in Ganzhou , pool leaching of heavy rare earth mining have been used , resulting in vegetation, soil destruction , ammonia leaching, acid precipitation and other processes as well as heavy metal wastewater generated easily lead to serious environmental damage and the mountain water pollution . Although in recent years began to use in-situ leaching process , but still exists geological structural damage and chemical spills and other risks. In the light rare earth -based Baotou , light rare earth mining and smelting mineral separation process as easily lead to environmental pollution problems , such as the Bayan Obo ore containing uranium thorium 0.04% to 0.01% , in the development and utilization process, prone to waste water, waste gas, waste , " industrial waste " has become more prominent in Baotou environmental problems .

The high cost of environmental pollution , and even far more revenue . 2012 , the Ministry said , "the price paid by the mining of rare earth shocking , preliminary estimates, environmental pollution is only one place because Ganzhou rare earth mining caused environmental restoration governance costs as high as 38 billion yuan ." And in 2011 the province of Jiangxi Rare main revenue 32.9 billion yuan , the profit was only 6.4 billion yuan , the high cost of environmental pollution , making the rare earth mining outweigh the benefits.

Low ( two ) resource efficiency , tax regulation limited

Exploitation of rare earth resources, low efficiency , there is a private mining digging and so on. At present , China's state-owned enterprises tons of rare earth mining recovery rate of only 60 % recovery of large private enterprises is only 40% , while the number of private mining digging small business or even less than 5%.

At present, China's rare earth resources in the overall tax burden is too low to give full play to the tax policy should be the role of protected resources . Rare earth ore resources tax , the light rare earths including bastnaesite , monazite , $ 60 per ton ; heavy rare earth including xenotime , ionic rare earth ore per ton to $ 30. The measure, from the rare earth ore into rare earth oxides, such as light rare earth, rare earth oxides tonne resource valuation allowances between 1200-1500 yuan . The RE has an important strategic value that the current market downturn , cerium oxide, praseodymium and other light rare earth products in the market price of 20,000 yuan to 570,000 yuan / ton. This calculation, praseodymium oxide resource tax valuation at 0.2%. China's dependence on imports up to 60% of the iron ore resource tax valuation of about 2.5% ( the amount of first-class resource taxes paid into the furnace open pit mine is about 25 yuan / ton ) , ten times the praseodymium oxide , iron ore resources tax burden is much higher than rare .

(C ) the lack of core technology of high-end and low-end products overcapacity

Although after years of development, but the majority of our rare earth enterprises to master technology is still in the low-end , due to the lack of core technology , processing enterprises homogeneity , mainly in NdFeB , luminescent materials and nickel- metal hydride batteries, other high-tech industrial applications few aspects involved , resulting in a large number of China's rare earth export of primary products on the one hand , and the need to import expensive deep- processed products . Meanwhile, foreign companies monopolize high-end core technology, European countries set up technical barriers to trade , China's deep-processing enterprises is difficult to introduce cutting-edge technology , leading to the rare earth deep-processing industry and international standards China has a large gap .

In addition , the low-end product homogeneity rare capacity expansion too fast , some areas have been signs of excess product . China's rare earth permanent magnet materials accounted for over 80 % of the national production of rare earth new materials , but high -quality magnetic materials only 10 % of its production . According to statistics , China's rare earth permanent magnet materials production capacity of 30 million metric tons, while the annual production only in 1989 when tons of capacity utilization is less than 30%.


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Today, the smooth operation of the rare earth market temporarily , businesses reflect the approaching holiday season, the quotation of prices showed little change , there is a demand , then you can accept the amount of shipping rates . Overall, the current business is very light rare earth industry , the profit is very meager .

Praseodymium , neodymium , erbium products prices slightly this week, a slight concussion , including grass Shen praseodymium oxide prices slightly lower , in the range of -1 5,000 yuan / ton , neodymium , erbium oxide volatility slightly smaller. In recent days , according to the package dilute the transaction data, praseodymium oxide deal better than the oxide, erbium oxide , neodymium oxide, neodymium worst trading conditions , the number of average daily turnover of less than one ton .

Lanthanum, cerium market today prices were flat with the beginning of the week , limited demand and profits, now no substantial supplier price adjustment , the current 3N lanthanum oxide, cerium basically still 1.9-2 yuan / ton. This week package dilute the ceria daily trading less about the 13 tons , 21 tons of high , has always belonged to the most traded oxides.

Lutetium, scandium fewer oxides of recent price movements of such demand is not large, stable or decreased slightly lutetium oxide prices. According to the industry with Ganzhou area businesses understand , and now has several months without receiving inquiries scandium oxide , and there is no market price, while the price of basic lutetium oxide high steady recently , manufacturers have lowered the price quoted , in the range of 100 yuan / kg or so.


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May 29, 2014 Price of rare earth products

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Since ancient times, gold is a symbol of opulence and generosity . One ounce - nearly 30 grams value of more than 1500 U.S. dollars . But gold is not the most expensive metals. 30 g rhodium value $ 7,000 . And especially rare osmium and californium , the market is simply no price . Today, nearly 30 grams californium get only a year in the two reactors in the world .

Today, all the gold is deposited in the library , but there can be no progress in the so-called rare earth metals of today's technology . Scientists call "21st Century gold ." " Ake Sion - rare and precious metals" hole Drew Nowitzki general manager , said: " As mankind enters a rare century . No they can not develop technology. Mobile phones, electronic equipment, electronic notebooks - everywhere use rare earth metals . "

Today, the main supplier of these strategic resources on the world market is China . Where 95% of the rare earth metal mining . But shortly afterwards , China 's monopoly may be challenged .

Russian scientists have developed a new process to get rare earth metals . It turned out that they can get in the chemical laboratory. Laboratory is located in northwestern Russia Perm Krai . No mineral near the area. Local chemists use of ion exchange resins to obtain unique elements from the water. Such resins are generally kitchen filter main filler . It draws all the heavy metal elements.

However, in order to get separated rare earth metals, require selective resins. It can be found in some specific elements of ions in water . For example , gold or platinum ions.

Selective resin manufactured by a unique method , which is distinguished chemists Perm scientific results . They craft a solution - any byproducts smelter and often useless products as raw materials. Almost all of these solutions today known metal .

The main complexity is that many rare earth metals are approximate nature . Therefore , only the manufacturing of a particular element separation resin is extremely delicate and difficult task. From the point of view of the temporary Industries , this invention also only be started. However, many large mining - metallurgical companies have interested in their craft .

In addition to the solution process , the scientists have also suggested the use of water. Because the world's oceans contain water several times more than the surface water REE .


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2014 , WTO announced the United States , European Union, Japan and other members of the party complained Chinese exports of rare earth tungsten and molybdenum - Measures ( referred to as " rare case" ) panel report .

The report said that the Chinese government adopted a series of measures to limit the export of these products in violation of WTO rules should be amended to conform to WTO rules . In this regard, the Chinese side expressed regret and has recently decided to appeal the panel report in relation to the WTO Appellate Body .

WTO Panel sure I protect the environment and resources, but I recognized export restrictions

In recent years , Chinese government for the purpose of protecting the environment and exhaustible domestic resources have been put forward a series of measures to limit the export of raw materials such as rare earth , which caused the United States, Europe , and Japan , as rare as a strategic resource and long tradition imported from China "big " their dissatisfaction. But in fact, rare earth resources in China have not rich , but it has long been the world's largest rare earth export country .

With the rapid development of high-tech industries , global demand and rapid growth in the consumption of rare earths . Rare earth resources are non-renewable mineral resources , due to the large number of years , disorderly exploitation , China 's rare earth resources are on the verge of exhaustion . On the other hand , rare earth production, processing a tremendous impact on the ecological environment , environmental pollution caused by its mining more serious . Seen, to some extent, limit exports of rare earths will undoubtedly help to curb the momentum of China 's rare earth mining , consistent with the policy goals of sustainable development.

Many people do not understand , is this a very proper measures are WTO panel did not get recognized , but the judgment against the Chinese ? Some people ask, Does the Chinese government must sacrifice their own resources and the environment to maintain a large number of exports to developed countries do ? For China, this is fair?

In fact , just read the panel report , it is not difficult to find , WTO Expert Group did not identify the Chinese government restrictions on the export of raw materials and rare earth purpose is wrong, not only that, the expert group on the Chinese side to protect exhaustible resources and the environment in mind to be sure that this is not only consistent with the objectives of sustainable development pursued by the WTO , but also China has sovereign rights to manage natural resources. Unfortunately , the Group believes that some restrictions on the export of measures taken by the Chinese side did not achieve the above objective , for some reasonable evidence and views put forward by China were not admissible . Especially in the export tax measures , despite an expert group members supported the Chinese point of view , but in the end the Group of Experts still believe that China is not entitled to invoke GATT Article 20 , " General Exceptions " clause of China 's export tax take defense .

Appeal to the WTO Appellate Body : Hope and anxiety coexist

On appeal , we should carefully analyze the report of the Group , on this basis, the full use of WTO rules and construed in accordance with the law argue utmost to strive for the success of the appeal .

In accordance with WTO rules , the Appellate Body only appeal to review the legal issues of the case , therefore , the ability to use the rule of law , the ability to explain the success of the appeal is crucial . Now it seems that the final result for the appeal , the hopes and fears coexist.

On the one hand , the export tax, an expert group members as well as Russia , Brazil , Argentina and other members of the party 's support for China -related positions so that we see the hope . In the case hearing , the experts believe that , starting from the integrity and overall perspective of interpretation of the WTO Agreement , together with the Chinese side should enjoy the " general exceptions " rights conferred by Article 20 of GATT on the export tax issue with the WTO members , the provision allows members to meet the statutory requirements under the premise of protecting the environment and exhaustible resources , the protection of human , animal and plant life and health and violate WTO rules.

Raw materials in China has been ruling in the case of WTO , WTO Expert Group based only on China ' accession to the Protocol , " the terms of Article 11.3 of export taxes , not identified on the Chinese side has no right to invoke GATT1994 advocate GATT Article 20 on the export tax issue " general exceptions " rights conferred by this new member of the WTO , such as China is obviously unfair . To this end , the Chinese government and international law experts , scholars have been using a variety of occasions , actively using the theory of international law and WTO rules argue. The win support from an expert as well as a number of important WTO members , and indeed made ​​important progress .

But one can imagine , on this issue , the appeals process between China and the United States, Europe, Japan and the inevitably there will be a battle , we must be fully prepared for all aspects of the fight to change the position before the WTO Appellate Body held , China is in favor of the right to invoke GATT Article 20 , " general Exceptions " in terms of export taxes .

In addition, the Group of Experts to ignore certain evidence submitted by the Chinese as well as efforts to protect the environment and exhaustible resources, especially that the Chinese government take to limit the number of rare earth and other views licenses and other export restrictions and WTO rules we should further explain and defend to the Appellate Body .

Of course , from a previous judicial practice WTO Appellate Body ruling to overturn the possibility of the Group of Experts was not great, which is why we worry for the outcome of the appeal . But even so, should not be shaken, even give up fighting for the rights of determination and confidence , because , after all, is an important opportunity to appeal to reiterate our views and positions .

We should also re-examine the execution and implementation of policy measures

Meanwhile , at home, our government departments and local should urgently re-examine whether there are areas for improvement restrict the export of rare earth and other raw materials and concrete implementation of policies and measures to implement the process .

For example , in accordance with the requirements of the WTO rules and the " principle of good faith " in international law , at the same time should also restrict the export restrictions on domestic production and consumption , export restrictions , if on the one hand , while on the other hand the domestic production and consumption is increasing , this will form the international trade " arbitrary, disguised discrimination ," which is not allowed by WTO rules .

In particular it should be noted that, after the central government has formulated policies , some local governments and enterprises only their own petty , openly or covertly continuing large number of mining rare earths , the so-called "policies , under the measures ." This is not only with the national environmental protection efforts and contrary to the relevant decision-making , but also invited heavy criticism , be evidence of another attack China 's rare earth policy.

In addition, to implement the protection of the environment and exhaustible resources policy, between the central government departments, relevant policies and measures between central and local government should further be coordinated , absolutely avoid fragmented, inconsistent rulemaking situation . This is the uniform implementation of WTO agreements and the principle of transparency requires members to assume the obligations in this regard , we have a lot of work to do .

In short, the rare case gives us a lot of inspiration and reflection , hope and worry exist , but for our future development of environmental policy and legislation to promote scientific, fine, unification is concerned , is not a bad thing.


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