For industrial radiography using gamma radiation sources such as Iridium-192 or Cobalt-60, a collimator allows the radiographer to control the exposure of radiation to expose a film and create a radiographic "negative", a.k.a., a radiograph, to inspect materials for defects. A collimator in this instance is most commonly made of tungsten, and is rated according to how many half value layers tungsten material contains, i.e., how many times tungsten material reduces undesirable radiation by half. For instance, the thinnest walls on the sides of a 4 HVL tungsten collimator 0.52" thick will reduce the intensity of radiation passing through them by 88.5%. The shape of these collimators allows the radiographer to direct the radiation to the film and away from other workers.

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The main component of tungsten ore is tungsten.Tungsten is a dull silver-colored metal with the highest melting point of any pure metal.Also known as wolfram, from which the element takes its symbol, W, tungsten is more resistant to fracturing than diamond and is much harder than steel. It is the refractory metal's unique properties - its strength and ability to withstand high temperatures - that make it ideal for many commercial and industrial applications.

Production:

Tungsten is primarily extracted from two types of minerals, wolframite and scheelite. However, tungsten recycling also accounts for about 30% of the global supply. China is the world's largest producer of the metal, providing over 80% of the world supply.

Once tungsten ore has been processed and separated, the chemical form, ammonium paratungstate (APT), is produced. APT can be heated with hydrogen to form tungsten oxide or will react with carbon at temperatures above 1925°F (1050°C) to produce tungsten metal.




 

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The main component of tungsten ore is tungsten.Tungsten is a dull silver-colored metal with the highest melting point of any pure metal.Also known as wolfram, from which the element takes its symbol, W, tungsten is more resistant to fracturing than diamond and is much harder than steel. It is the refractory metal's unique properties - its strength and ability to withstand high temperatures - that make it ideal for many commercial and industrial applications.

Applications:

Tungsten's primary application for over 100 years has been as the filament in incandescent light bulbs. Doped with small amounts of potassium-aluminum silicate, tungsten powder is sintered at high temperature to produce the wire filament that is in the center of light bulbs that light millions of homes around the world.

Due to tungsten's ability to keep its shape at high temperatures, tungsten filaments are now also used in a variety of household applications, including lamps, floodlights, heating elements in electrical furnaces, microwave ovens, x-ray tubes and cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) in computer monitors and television sets. The metal's tolerance to intense heat also makes it ideal for thermocouples and electrical contacts in electric arc furnaces and welding equipment. Applications that require a concentrated mass, or weight, such as counterweights, fishing sinkers and darts often use tungsten because of its density.




 

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As kind of common metal, tungsten is usually mixed in kinds of rocks with its low content, and it can be smelted after beneficiation. There is wolframites and Scheelite and at this moment, wolframites has been in dominating place to explore, occupying over 90%. For tungsten enrichment, hand separation, heavy medium separation, gravity separation, floatation separation, magnetic separation and electrical separation has been involved.

For wolframite tungsten ore, it has characteristics of low content, low grade, coarse granule inlay, big density, low hardness, easy argillization, and dark color. Its beneficiation is mainly gravity separation. The density difference between wolframites and impurities is big and gravity separation can be adopted. But the wolframites granules shall be liberated from the impurities. So the promary situation is to observe the crystal granule size of wolframites. If the wolframites inlay is corse or it is lumpy wolframites, coarse mineral jig separator can be used directly to gain high grade tungsten ore. The equipment involved cover crusher, rod mill, jig concentrator. If it is fine granules inlay or wolframites mud, shaking table or centrifugal separator can be used.

But for scheelite tungsten ore, it is usually mixed with sulfide, mainly molybdenite, and the beneficiation for scheelite is floatation separation. In alkaline medium, The PH is 9-10.5 by sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The main inhibitor is sodium silicate, quebracho sap, tannin, and kinds phosphate while the main collectors are oleic acid, sodium oleate, tall oil, paraffin soap oxide. These collectors owns foaming nature, so there is no need of foaming agent here. In order to improve the floatation efficiency of scheelite ore, polyvalent metalsalts can be added to the solium silicate while pulp temprature shall be up to 70-90 celsius degree.



 

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