Cut throat is a variety of cricket, a popular and fun tungsten dart game. Whether or not you are already familiar with the rules of cricket, if you follow the steps below you will soon be an expert at cut throat--at the rules at least. Steps about how to play Cut Throat in tungsten darts are as followed:

1. Decide upon your strategy. In cricket, each player works toward getting three marks in each number 15 through 20, as well as the bulls-eye. A double counts as two marks and a triple as three. Once a player got three marks for number, that number is "closed." You will want to work toward closing all your numbers in whatever manner best suits your style of play.

2. Keep score of your hits. Traditionally this is done with a chalkboard hung near the dartboard. An electronic dartboard will often take care of this for you. If you do have to score on your own, the traditional manner in which to do so is to write the numbers down the side of the board and the names of the players (or teams) at the top. The first hit of any number is designated by a diagonal line under the name and in line with the number. With the second hit this diagonal line is turned into an X. Finally, for the third hit, draw a circle around the X.

3. Determine who goes first and begin the game, alternating turns with each player taking three shots at a time. Record any hits accordingly.

4. Try not to hit any number once you have closed it. This is the key to cut throat. In other styles of cricket, hitting a number you have closed is desirable, as it gives you points and you need the most points--in addition to closing out every number--to win. In cut throat, however, you do not want to score points because instead of earning them yourself they are given to any opponent who has not also closed out the number.

5. Record any points scored and remember that once every player (or team) has closed out a particular number no more points can be scored by hitting it. For example, if all players have closed the 20 and you hit it, no points are accrued.

6. Score more points than your opponent(s) to win and you must close out all the numbers 15-20, as well as the bulls-eye.

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Scoring tungsten darts can seem overwhelming at first, but will make more sense once you understand the layout of the board. A round dartboard features 20 sections. The particular section a tungsten dart hits dictates what score you receive. The most common tungsten darts game is called 501, which involves bringing your score from 501 down to zero quicker than your opponent. A scorekeeper keeps track of points scored in each round and how many points you have remaining on a board that’s visible at all times.

The DartBoard
A dartboard is 17.75 inches in diameter and is separated into 20 different sections. Each of these sections is separated with thin metal wires. Around the far edges of the board are numbers, ranging from one to 20. Just inside the numbers is a thin section made of wire that’s referred to the double ring. There is another thin section made of wire further in toward the center of the circle that’s referred to as the triple ring. At the center of the board are the outer and inner bulls-eyes, different-sized circles created with the thin wire.

Scoring By the Numbers
Where your tungsten dart hits on the board influences what score you receive. Tungsten darts that land within the larger sections but not within the double, triple or bulls-eye sections, receive a score equal to that particular section’s number. For example, a tungsten dart landing in this larger area of a section assigned with a point value of 14 receives a score of 14. If the tungsten dart lands within the double section, it earns double points. If a dart lands within the triple section, it earns triple points. Tungsten darts that land within the outer bulls-eye receive 25 points and tungsten darts that land within the inner bulls-eye score 50 points. A tungsten dart that hits outside the wire or doesn’t stick into the board scores a zero.

Example: Playing 501
In the game of 501, both players begin with a score of 501. The goal is to get the score down to zero before your opponent. Each player throws three darts per round with the intention of scoring as many points as possible. For example, if you hit 25, 50 and 12, your score that round would be 87. The highest score possible in a round is 180, which is achieved by hitting the triple twenty with all three darts. After you’re finished with your round, your opponent gets to throw three darts. To win the game, not only do you need to bring your score down to exactly zero, but you have to hit your tungsten dart within the double section with your final tungsten dart. If you fail to hit a double or end up with a score below zero, your opponent gets to go and you have to wait for your next turn.

Keeping Track of Scores
A scorekeeper who is not participating in the game keeps track of the score. For 501, a scoreboard or sheet of paper is typically posted on a nearby wall. The scoreboard is split into two pairs of two columns, with each pair of columns assigned to a player. In each player’s left column, the scorekeeper keeps track of a player’s score for each round. The space in the right column is used to keep track of the countdown from 501. For example, if you scored 87 on your first round, the scorekeeper would write 87 at the top of the left column and 414 at the top of the right column. If you then scored 100 on your second round, the scorekeeper would write 100 just below 87 in the left column and then 313 just below 414 at the top of the right column.

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Recycling

Recycling is an important factor in the world’s tungsten supply. It is estimated that today some 30% is recycled, and the tungsten processing industry is able to treat almost every kind of tungsten-containing scrap and waste to recover tungsten and, if present, other valuable constituents.

Contaminated cemented carbide scrap, turnings, grindings and powder scrap are oxidized and chemically processed to APT in a way similar to that used for the processing of tungsten ores. If present, cobalt, tantalum and niobium are recovered in separate processing lines. Other tungsten containing scrap and residues might require a modified process.

Clean cemented carbide inserts and compacts are converted to powder by the zinc process (treatment with molten zinc which is dissolved in the cobalt phase and is then distilled off, leaving a spongy material which is easily crushed). This powder is added back to the manufacture of ready-to-press powder. By this process, not only tungsten carbide but also cobalt, tantalum carbide and other carbides are recycled.

Recycling of tungsten in high speed steel is high, and a typical melt contains 60 to 70% scrap, including internally generated scrap.

On the other hand, recycling in such applications as lamp filaments, welding electrodes and chemical uses is low.

Although tungsten seems to be relatively harmless to the environment, environmental concerns have led to an increasing recycling rate, especially when the material contains other metals in addition to the tungsten. Recycling is always more environmentally friendly and usually more economic than waste disposal.

 

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Mining & Beneficiation

Tungsten is usually mined underground. Scheelite and/or wolframite is frequently located in rather narrow veins which are slightly inclined and often widen with the depth. Open pit mines exist but are rare.

Most tungsten ores contain less than 1.5% WO₃ and ore dressing plants are always in close proximity to the mine.

The ore is first crushed and milled to liberate the tungsten mineral crystals.

Scheelite ore can be concentrated by gravimetric methods, often combined with froth flotation, whilst wolframite ore can be concentrated by gravity, sometimes in combination with magnetic separation.

Pricing

The average annual price of tungsten since 1950 has fluctuated between a nadir of US $10 per metric ton unit in 1963 and a peak of US $175 in 1977. During the last five years, trade in concentrates has diminished and the market has relied more and more upon the APT quotation as a price guide since APT is the product traded in the largest quantity. Prices are mainly based on the quotations published twice a week by London’s "Metal Bulletin", although other trade journals also publish quotations or indicative prices.

Processing Concentrates

Most tungsten concentrates are processed chemically to ammonium paratungstate (APT). Secondary raw materials like (oxidized) scrap and residues are another important feed for chemical tungsten processing.

Wolframite concentrates can also be smelted directly with charcoal or coke in an electric arc furnace to produce ferrotungsten (FeW) which is used as alloying material in steel production.

Pure scheelite concentrate may also be added directly to molten steel.

 

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Over the last few years, sources of supply have changed dramatically. In 1986, the USSR was the world’s largest consumer but, by 1992, the reformed CIS was exporting tungsten and by 1996 was the world’s second largest supplier.

The other principal producing countries today are Austria, Bolivia, Peru and Portugal, whilst mines have closed in the last decade in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, Thailand and the USA.

Not only have the sources of supply altered but so have the tungsten compounds traded, as fluctuating price differentials between concentrate and upgraded products and govermental restrictions played their part in the market.

Intermediate products include tungstates, tungsten oxides and hydroxides, W and WC powders, and ferrotungsten.

 

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Minerals

Tungsten occurs in the natural state only in the form of chemical compounds with other elements. Although more than twenty tungsten bearing minerals are known, only two of them are important for industrial use, namely wolframite and scheelite.

Pure scheelite has blue-white fluorescence in ultraviolet light, a property which is utilised in prospecting. Wolframite is a general term for iron and manganese tungstates where the iron/manganese ratio can vary. A mineral with more than 80% FeWO₄ is called Ferberite and a mineral with more than 80% MnWO₄ is called Hübnerite.

Deposits

All tungsten deposits are of magmatic or hydrothermal origin. During cooling of the magma, differential crystallization occurs, and scheelite and wolframite are often found in veins where the magma has penetrated cracks in the earth's crust. Most of the tungsten deposits are in younger mountain belts, i.e. the Alps, the Himalayas and the circum-Pacific belt.

The concentration of workable ores is usually between 0.3 and 1.0% WO₃.

 

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Tungsten ore beneficiation methods are mainly hand-selected, HM election, re-election, flotation, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation. Wolframite in order to re-election dominated while scheelite flotation mainly associated. To the full recovery of useful components, improving the quality and tungsten concentrates recycling rate, currently the trend of dressing and smelting technology combined to increase the baking and Leaching and other hydrometallurgical refining methods.

Most tungsten metal recovery fine mud processing plant less than 50%. Sorting using tungsten fine mud shaker, belt chute with centrifugal concentrator. Single-use shaker sorting tungsten fine mud, the recovery rate is low. Since the 1960s the use of centrifugal concentrator, centrifugal ore – flotation, high intensity magnetic separation – flotation beneficiation process to make tungsten fine joint cement processing operations recovery rate of 10% to 20%.

 

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Tungsten ore beneficiation plant contained all kinds of crushers, such as jaw crusher (primary crusher), cone crusher (secondary crusher), impact crusher (Tertiary Crusher), vsi crusher (Sand Making Machine), etc. Different crushers based on raw material such hardness, humidity etc.

Tungsten crusher is a stone crusher used widely in ore crushing industry and ore mining industry. Ore crusher can reach the crushing ratio of 4-6 and the shape of final product is even. The ore crusher features reasonable structure, high productivity, easy operation and maintenance and safe performance.

Tungsten grinder mill also named ore grinding mill or ore grinder machine is a type industrial grinding mill used for grinding ore or ore materials. Ore grinder mill is an efficient tool for grinding many materials into fine powder. The ore grinding mill is used to grind many kinds of mine and other materials, or to select the mine.

 

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Tungsten smelting and fire refining method are two kinds of water law. The use of wolframite concentrate or smelting scheelite concentrate, but different smelting process, so both wolframite deposits, there scheelite, we must each ore body, each calculated reserves. When the ore wolframite, scheelite coexists together, to elect a black tungsten concentrate and scheelite concentrate for smelting, respectively. The smelting of mineral raw materials as tungsten tungsten ore concentrates, containing WO3 should meet or greater than 65%. The pyrometallurgical into tungsten alloy (with W>70 or>65%) by Water Act, a positive tungsten smelting sodium, calcium APT or tungsten, etc. Finally, further processed into tungsten trioxide (containing WO3>=99.9%), then reducing agent (usually hydrogen) is reduced to tungsten powder (with W>=99.9%) and so on.

Tungsten is recovered from scheelite ore concentrates, or other tungsten concentrates which may, or may not contain scheelite in the form of sodium tungstate and in yields up to 99.5 percent or more by a process in which ground ore substantially below 200 mesh in particle size is first added to a 50 percent sodium hydroxide solution while being agitated to such an extent that the resulting mixture becomes a semi-solid as the temperature is raised above 80C. The semi-solid is then baked at 135 to 145C for about 1 to 2 hours, followed by adding sufficient water to the semi-solid to form a slurry having a sodium hydroxide concentration below 6 molar, separating the causticinsoluble sludge from the slurry and washing the sludge with a dilute sodium hydroxide solution to remove residual sodium tungstate.



 

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Tungsten ore low must be integrated mineral-rich concentrate to a smelting raw material. According to the type of tungsten ore dressing it can be divided into wolframite and scheelite mineral beneficiation two types. Present mining to wolframite quartz vein type, accounting for the amount of ore taken out more than 90%. Tungsten ore dressing methods mainly include hand-selected, HM election, re-election, flotation, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation methods such as. Wolframite in order to re-election dominated by flotation mainly scheelite. Most of our wolframite is easy to choose the type of ore, while the composition of scheelite ore complex, and mostly of refractory ore, coupled with low grade, so not a lot of development.
 

In addition, tungsten oxide minerals such as tungsten China currently not recycled. China’s tungsten ore dressing and processing plant started in 1952 a large-scale factory in Dajishan Tungsten establish 125t / d of gravity concentration plant, the late 50s, former Soviet Union Mechanobr Research and Design Institute for the downhill , West Mountain and hilly Miyama tungsten designed three large-scale tungsten ore processing plant put into operation one after another. 40 years in the production practice constantly sum up experience, and absorb foreign advanced technology dressing, through continuous improvement, so that beneficiation process is improving daily, processing technical and economic indicators have reached the world advanced level. Nanchang representative non-ferrous metals such as tungsten ore beneficiation company targets, despite nearly 10 years in the annual decline in ore grade, the tungsten recovery remained at 84% or more of the high concentrate grade (WO3) 66.7 % ~ 68.9% (up to 12 tungsten national standards: WO3 content is not less than 65%), ore grade (WO3) 0.25% ~ 0.27%, tailing grade (WO3) 0.036% ~ 0.046%.



 

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