Tungsten is found in the minerals Wolframite (iron-manganese tungstate, FeWO₄/MnWO₄), Scheelite (calcium tungstate, (CaWO₄), ferberite and hübnerite. These are mined and used to produce about 37,400 tons of tungsten concentrates per year in 2000. China produced over 75% of this total, with most of the remaining production coming from Austria, Bolivia, Portugal, and Russia.

Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. The ore is eventually converted to tungsten(VI) oxide (WO₃), which is heated with hydrogen or carbon to produce powdered tungsten. It can be used in that state or pressed into solid bars.

Tungsten can also be extracted by hydrogen reduction of WF₆ (WF₆ + 3H₂ → W + 6HF) or pyrolytic decomposition (WF₆ + energy → W + 3F₂).

Because it retains its hardness at high temperatures and has a high melting point, elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications, such as light bulb, cathode-ray tube, and vacuum tube filaments, heating elements, and rocket engine nozzles. Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the gas tungsten arc welding process (also called TIG (tungsten/inert gas) welding). 

 

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This article is mainly about tungsten electrode comparison on their features, including cerium tungsten electrode, yttrium tungsten electrode and compound rare earth tungsten electrode. Their comparison is shown as following.

Cerium tungsten electrode
Grade - WCe10/ WCe15/ WCe20 (adding CeO₂)
Features – Cerium tungsten electrode doesn’t have radioactivity and it is environment - friendly. Under low current circumstances, it is easier to arcing and can maintain at low arc current. It is suitable for the pipelines and small components welding, including discontinuous welding.

Yttrium tungsten electrode
Grade - WY20 (add Y₂O₃)
Features – Yttrium tungsten electrode has no radioactive. It has slim and longer arc beam with high compression; under medium and high current conditions, it has deeper burning groove.

Compound rare earth tungsten electrode
Grade – WM_X (addictive is MOx)
Features –Yttrium tungsten electrode is a compound of several (more than two) rare earth oxide; each kind of additive will improve performance of tungsten electrode to a better degree.

 

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There are some common and different points of tungsten electrodes(such as, pure tungsten electrode,lanthanum tungsten electrode and thorium tungsten electrode) showing in this article, and that is comparison.

Type and their comparison can be seen as below:

Pure tungsten electrode
Grade – WP
Features – Pure tungsten electrode is non-radioactive and suitable for AC welding of magnesium, aluminum and their alloy.

Lanthanum tungsten electrode
Grade - WLa10/ WLa15/WLa20
Features – Lanthanum tungsten electrode is also non-radioactive which owns the following features: high current carrying capacity; minimum ratio of burnt area; nice welding capacity; excellent electric conductivity. It is a substitute for thoriated tungsten electrode and mainly applied in DC welding.

Thorium tungsten electrode
Grade - WTh10/ WTh20
Features – Thorium tungsten electrode has excellent electron emission and other good performances, which also owns high current carrying capacity and is suitable for DC welding of stainless steel, carbon steel, nickel and titanium alloy as well. But it has radioactivity that will harm people’s health, so when exposed to it, you should wear protective clothing.

 

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What described in this article is that the comparisons on tungsten electrodes, there are cerium tungsten electrode, yttrium tungsten electrode and compound tungsten electrode. Something about their grade, color , dopant, surface and the like.

The comparison of tungsten electrode in some aspect is shown below.

Attention: G means Ground, S means Swaged, E means electrolytic polished and D means as drawn.



 

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Pure tungsten electrode is one of the types of tungsten electrodes. When compared with other types of tungsten electrodes, such as, thoriated tungsten electrode and lanthanum tungsten electrode, it can show their commons and differences. There are some points comparing in this article, such as, grade, color sign, surface and so on.

NOTE: G refers to Ground, S refers to Swaged, E refers to electrolytic polished, and D refers to as drawn.



 

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The size of sand grain has obvious influence on the abrasion of nozzle. When the grain is small and its kinetic energy is also small so that the impact to nozzle material will be small and has elastic deformation. When the sand grain size exceeds a certain range, material impact is enough to cause fracture. If the size of grain increases further, the nozzle material is also cut deeper, the abrasion is more serious. But when the particle size increases to a certain degree, "size effect" will occur. This is due to the force area material will also increase, the material wear size increases with increases slowly. In addition, the shape of grain will affect the abrasion. The smoother shape of the grain (form factor＜1), the slighter abrasion.















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First of all, the concentration of sand grain can be neglected. The higher concentration means that the more sand grains, which collide with nozzle inner wall will be more seriously. So the abrasion of nozzle inner wall is proportional to the number of the grain the sand flow contains. However, if the grain exceeds a certain number, the space of the movements will be limited so that the abrasion will decrease.

And the hardness of the sand grain is also important. To some extent, the abrasion of nozzle depends on both nozzle material and the sand grain hardness. When the hardness of grain is lower than nozzle hardness, such as tungsten carbide and pottery, the grain is not able to cut into the material. So the abrasion is slight and fatigue wear is the main abrasive pattern. When the hardness of grain is equal to nozzle, the abrasion is increasing. If the hardness of grain is higher than nozzle, such as some metal materials, it is called micro-cutting abrasion.

















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A few die-hard darts enthusiasts enjoy using old-fashioned horsehair boards rather than more modern varieties. Often, these horsehair boards are dragged out of basements and attics after years of neglect and seem beyond repair. Holes, faded bristles and mildew are problems that you can remedy in a few simple steps. With some care and attention, your grandfather's dartboard can look almost as good as new.

Things you'll need:
Screwdriver
Steel brush
Toothpicks
Rags
Wood polishing oil

Instructions:
1. Check the dartboard for air holes. A large pocket of air might suggest that the bristle surface has become detached from the frame. If this is the case, throw the dartboard out, because it is ruined.

2. Remove the wire casing that covers the dartboard and lies over the numbers and the scoring sections. You might find that the casing can be lifted out of the holes, but if you are having difficulty, use a screwdriver to remove it and put aside.

3. Clean the surface of the dartboard with a wire brush to remove stubborn dirt and residue. Use gentle motions to avoid damaging the dartboard. If there is mildew, take the dartboard outside and let it sit in the sun. Ensure it does not come in contact with water.

4. Basic household materials can be used to clean your dartboard.
Moisten rags with wood polish and apply it to the horsehair dartboard using circular motions. If you see holes and fading, one reason might be that the bristles have dried out. The wood polish restores and re-hydrates the bristles.

5. Let the dartboard sit for a day. Check the dartboard by inserting a toothpick into the middle of it. If it comes out dry, apply another coat of wood polish. Repeat the process until the toothpick comes out moist at the tip. Then the dartboard is ready to use.

6. Place the metal casing back onto the dartboard and mount the board on the wall. Let the games begin.

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Fifty-One/Fifty-Seven tungsten dart rule is an excellent practice game to really sharpen your accuracy on triples. It may be played by any number of players or teams.

The Object: The object is to reach a pre-determined score first.

The Scoring: What number you are going to play needs to be determined, either 51 or 57, and should be written at the top of the scoreboard. For the example in this game, we'll use 51. What score you're going to play to should also be written at the top of the board. I like to play to 300, however, 500 or 1000 also works well if you're looking for a longer game. You may also handicap players by requiring weaker shooters to score 300 while stronger ones 500 or 1000.

Player’s names are written across the top of the board in playing order. Playing order is determined by a throw of one tungsten dart by each player/team at the bulls-eye. Closest to the bulls-eye goes first.

The Play: The board is scored in the standard way. The thin outer "doubles" ring counts as two times numbers hit, the thin inner "triples" ring counts as three times and the remaining wedges count as the numbers hit.

Generally, you begin by trying to throw the triple-17. If you hit the triple-17, you have already scored 51 and you turn is complete. You do not have to throw all three tungsten darts.

If the triple-17 is missed, you must now hit any combination of numbers on the board with one or two of your remaining tungsten darts and end up with a total of exactly 51.

If you scored a total of exactly 51, add to your side of the board (keep a running total). If you scored a total of less than or more than 51, you did not score for that round. Play continues on to the next player and alternates until one player/team has scored 300 or above (or whatever goal was decided upon in the beginning).

You can play this game using any number that is score with a one-dart-triple: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57 or 60. The most common games are for 51 or 57.

The Strategy: This game has no strategy, it is a game of accuracy.

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A tungsten dart flight sits on the shaft at the end of the tungsten dart and stabilizes the tungsten dart as it soars through the air. Think of flights as the tungsten dart's wings. They come in a variety of shapes and are made of various sturdy materials, with nylon being common. Accessory for tungsten dart flights are protectors, which are useful and simple to install.

Using Tungsten Dart Flight Protectors:
Flight protectors are small objects that fit over the back center of the flight. They're typically made of metal or plastic and provide a few benefits. Flight protectors keep the flight spread, which helps with aerodynamics, reducing unnecessary movement while the tungsten dart is airborne. This helps you hit the target more accurately. Flight protectors also help prevent damage to the flight when it is already on the board and hit by another tungsten dart. To use your flight protectors, spread your flights out so that the wings are completely open and simply clip the flight protector on to the center of the flight.
 

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