Materials with perovskite structure are considered as perspective for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in their standard three-layer system anode/electrolyte/cathode and the innovative construction: symmetrical or single cell. Additionally, application of ceramic proton conductive electrolyte instead of typical for SOFC oxide ion conductive (e.g. yttria-stabilized zirconia, doped ceria) allows to decrease fuel cells working temperature and prevent fuel dilution by reaction products. Thus, perovskite structure ABO3-based materials, mainly BaCeO3 and BaZrO3, seem to be the interesting group for proton conductive fuel cells.

Sulfur compounds in fuel are converted into SOx when combusted. Furthermore, SOx in automobile exhaust degrades the catalytic converter performance resulting in increased NOx emission which is another important air pollutant. In recent years, ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) was required in many countries by mandating stringent legislation to cut the S-content down to 10 ppm. At present, the traditional hydrodesulfurization (HDS), a conventional commercial technology, is wildly employed in the purification of fuels. Although HDS can remove various S-compounds such as thiols, sulfides and disulfides, when the deep desulfurization of diesel fuel is required, HDS is less effective due to the low hydrogenation activity to heterocyclic thiophenic compounds

Ultra coarse tungsten powder can not only be used to prepare high-toughness and high-density alloys, such as petroleum perforating bullets, heavy armor-piercing bullets and radiation protection materials, but also raw materials for the production of ultra-coarse tungsten carbide, which is mainly used for ultra-coarse-grained cemented carbide, then used for drill bits for oil drilling, mining, tunneling, hard coating spraying, etc. 

The more stringent limitations on the content of sulfur in the petroleum raw materials stimulated in recent years new research dealing with catalytic desulfurization processes. The key trend in the purification of liquid hydrocarbon raw materials is hydrotreatment in which sulfur is removed as hydrogen sulfide, which is then subjected to the Claus process to be converted to elemental sulfur.

Tungsten is a heavy metal exhibits the highest melting point among all the refractory metals. The pure tungsten has a yield strength of 750 MPa and excellent tensile strength of 900 MPa. Due to its amazing strength and hardness, tungsten was widely applied in various fields include defense industry, aerospace industry, and nuclear industry. The conventional alloying method by combining tungsten with other metals is a proven efficient route to enhance its properties to extend its applications.

The emergence of quaternary-compound tungsten electrode, which also called WX4, marks a new area of tungsten electrode material, as well as a revolutionary development of the relevant technology, making the reliability and stability of the electrodes further improved. In 2017, based on the Tri-mix composite rare earth technology, China’s researchers continued to break through the technical barriers and are the first one to add four kinds of different rare earths to tungsten, e.g. lanthanum, cerium, zirconium, and yttrium.  

Tungsten copper composite material is widely used to produce electrical contact.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is widely applied in the fields of intelligent energy windows coating, optical switching devices, optical data storage medium, electrodes for electrochromic, lithium batteries and supercapacitors. VO2is a reversible first-order metal-insulator transition (MIT) at a critical temperature (Tc). VO2 is a monoclinic structure (M), and presents semiconductive and relatively infrared transparent below Tc, whereas it transforms into tetragonal structure (R), and presents metallic and infrared reflection above Tc. However, the high critical transition temperature of VO2 material (about 68 °C) limits its application.