A multileaf collimator (MLC) is a device made up of individual "leaves" of a high atomic numbered material, usually tungsten, that can move independently in and out of the path of a particle beam in order to block it.

MLCs are used on linear accelerators to provide conformal shaping of radiotherapy treatment beams. Specifically, conformal radiotherapy and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) can be delivered using MLC's.

The MLC has improved rapidly since its inception and the first use of leaves to shape structures in 1965  to modern day operation and use. MLC's are now widely used and have become an integral part of any radiotherapy department. MLC's were primarily used for conformal radiotherapy, and have allowed the cost effective implementation of conformal treatment with significant time saving, and also have been adapted for use for IMRT treatments. For conformal radiotherapy the MLC allows conformal shaping of the linear accelerator (LINAC) beam to match the borders of the target tumour. For intensity modulated treatments the leaves of a MLC can be moved across the field to create IMRT distributions (MLC's really provide a fluence modulation rather than intensity modulation).

The MLC is an important tool for radiation therapy dose delivery. It was originally used as a surrogate for alloy block field shaping and is now widely used for IMRT. As with any tool used in radiotherapy the MLC must undergo commissioning and quality assurance. Additional commissioning measurements are completed to model a MLC for treatment planning. Various MLC's are provided by different vendors and they all have unique design features as determined by specifications of design, and these differences are quite significant.


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Tungsten bullet fishing sinkers also called corn sinkers follow the same premise as egg sinkers in that they are threaded onto the line, with the narrow point facing towards the rod.  The bullet-shape of these sinkers makes them ideal for gliding through weeds. These sliding sinkers can be used on a live bait rig to replace a walking sinker when used in weedy areas.  A weedless hook will also greatly enhance the effectiveness of this weed-rig.

Tungsten with the high density and environment protection is to be the ideal material for the tungsten bullet fishing sinkers. Lead, as the traditionally used material is gradually replaced by tungsten based because of it is toxic, and harmful to our environment.




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Collimators are essential component of Industrial Radiography set up as they provide radiation safety to the operating personnel and general public at large by directing the emerging radiation beam to the useful area of exposure. A collimator with optimum design features also helps in reducing the scattered radiation which is turn results in radiographs with better sensitivity. Considering the above factors, tungsten collimators with light weight and compact design suitable for directional and panoramic type of exposures have been developed by Radiation Equipment Pragramme .

The collimators are fabricated using the above tungsten alloy as cladding. The tungsten alloy sheild for the directional collimator is designed to provide a 50 degree radiation beam and is encased with stainless steel and totally sealed by argon arc welding.
The panoramic collimator is constructed with two shields designed to provide a 30 degree panoramic radiation beam. The shields are encased with stainless steel and totally sealed by argon arc welding. The collimators can be easily attached to the guide tube exposure head of ROLI-1 radiography camera with a thumb screw.


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With the continuous development of nuclear technology applications, a variety of radioactive rays are widely used, radiation injury and damage to the environment of the human body is gradually recognized by humans. Frequent exposure to radioactive rays will burn skin, hair loss, eye pain, leukopenia or myeloma and other symptoms. Ray shielding principle means: rays penetrate the material strength will be weakened, a certain thickness of the shielding material can weaken the strength of the rays, set sufficiently thick shielding (shielding material) between the radiator and the human body, can reduce the radiation level, so that people at work are subject to the maximum allowable dose following dose reduction, to ensure personal safety, to protection purposes.

Shielding point is placed a can effectively absorb radiation shielding material between the radiation source and the human body. The γ ray shielding effect of materials of different, wherein heavy metals in the most effective, small size and light weight of the total. There is now usually made ​​of lead shielding material. In nature, the three lead isotopes 206Pb, 208Pb, 207Pb are three natural radioactive series of uranium series, thorium series, the final decay products actinides, and studies have shown that lead is toxic. In order to prevent pollution, protect the environment, the development is proposed instead of lead radiation shielding material requirements. Tungsten nickel alloy nontoxic, safe environment,, high density, small size, light overall weight, abundant. Shielding material in the appropriate amount of added tungsten can screen out the primary and secondary γ-rays.


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Tungsten egg fishing sinkers slip on the line, which is threaded through a hole that runs lengthwise though the sinkers. It is also used for live bait presentations and is still a favorite among catfish anglers. The egg sinker rig is used to fish off or near the bottom. The egg-shape makes these sinkers fairly snag resistant and able to roll along the bottom. It allows the fish to pick up the bait without feeling any resistance and it presents your offering where many fish spend a lot of time on or near the bottom which is a great rig for casting from the bank sinkers.

All the experienced anglers agree that it is important job to tie the tungsten egg fishing sinkers to the line. And how, the following process will show you that.

First thread the egg sinker onto your main line.

Then make use of an improved clinch knot to tie the barrel swivel onto the main line.Next, tie 8 to 12 inches of leader onto the barrel swivel. Using line that is lighter than your main line (like 2lb to 4lb test) for your leader if you fish in clear water, otherwise you can use the same test as your main line.
Then tie the hook onto the leader using an improved clinch knot . The type of hook you use will depend on the fish you are targeting and the bait that you choose.

Tungsten egg fishing sinkers are the perfect alternative to traditional egg sinkers. Tungsten is a responsible and sustainable alternative to other materials, unlike lead which is toxic to people and wildlife, tungsten is friendly to the environment.



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