Nuclear waste is unstable containing elements α, β and γ radiation and is accompanied by heat generation of unwanted material. Nuclear waste into the environment can cause water, air and soil pollution, and enter the body through various means, when radioactive radiation exceeds a certain level, you can kill the organism's cells and interfere with normal cell division and regeneration, causing the genetic cell mutation information. Is the use of deep geological methods. Common type repository mine, located 300 to 1500 meters deep. Structure of the library include natural barriers and engineered barriers to prevent the waste from leaking radionuclides in the package, but it is difficult to ensure that up to hundreds of years in the packaging material from corrosion, formation does not change.

For protecting personnel from contact with radioactive waste materials tungsten can be used to produce sample pots and transport containers in a variety of shapes and sizes. Tungsten provides a superior level of attenuation in comparison to alternative materials such as lead, especially for gamma radiation. This can reduce the wall thickness and weight of the sample vessels, making them easier to handle. Tungsten alloy can also be used to produce shielding components for waste or fuel handling systems, such as gamma gates.


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Tungsten alloy is an ideal solution for industrial shielding applications because it is a strong durable material, which can withstand harsh environments and has excellent radiation attenuation characteristics.

Within the industrial sector there are a variety of applications for high energy radiation sources including:
1.Industrial radiography / Non-destructive testing (NDT) - to detect faults in pipelines and metal components and structures;
2.Process control and flow monitoring - to measure thickness, density or flow levels during manufacturing processes;
3.Cargo scanners - advanced gamma ray inspection systems are used to inspect objects in shipping containers;
4.Oil and gas exploration - geo-logging techniques use gamma rays to analyse rock strata and reveal potential deposits of oil or gas.

In all these applications tungsten shielding is used to protect personnel from exposure to harmful radiation, whilst tungsten collimators are used to focus the radiation beams onto the target areas to provide accurate information to the user.

The benefits of tungsten for industrial shielding including:1.excellent radiation attenuation;2.reduced physical thickness of shield and collimators without compromising shielding efficiency;3.non-toxic;4.can be machined to tight tolerances;5.tough and durable, suitable for harsh environments;6.no special handling or disposal requirements.
 

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Tungsten Pyramid fishing sinkers also has a line eye like bell sinkers, which giving it an inverted pyramid profile when tied. They are excellent tungsten fishing sinkers for holding a rig in place in sandy bottoms, or in rough water, the pyramid is probably the best sinker for ocean conditions. It casts well and is a tenacious anchor, it excels in strong currents with any bottom condition. Their streamline profile causes them to sink quickly, and their flat edges prevent them from being rolled along bottom in fast currents. And also it is a superb sinker for bay and ocean fishing. The one drawback is that its stubborn feature often gets it securely snagged on the rocks or other submerged matter. So it's not a good choice for rockfish or river angling.

Tungsten pyramid fishing sinkers is a staple piece of tackle for striper bass and surf fishing as follows. When pyramid fishing sinkers are used in water bodies with sand-floor or mud-floors, the tungsten fishing sinkers will bury themselves into the bottom if the bottom is soft and if it is on hard bottoms, the flat sides will prevent the pyramid from rolling with the current.

For longest time,tungsten pyramid fishing sinkers are made from lead. Other metals are replacing it although lead is still used nowadays. Lead is banned in some fishing areas and anglers are forced to use other sinkers which made from non-toxic materials. The main reason for the coming out of the alternatives is that the lead is toxic and is not friendly to the environment. Tungsten based materials made pyramid tungsten fishing sinkers achieve great honor between anglers because of tungsten based materials are agree with the environment protection.




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A colloidal graphite lubricant, which imparts a black coating to "as drawn" tungsten wire, is used to protect the wire from oxidation and to lubricate the wire as it passes through the die. Many applications require tungsten wire with characteristics other than those obtainable in "as drawn" wire. A variety of processes produce wire with a cleaned surface or with a special finish.

After drawing operations have been completed, the wire may be cleaned by exposure to elevated temperatures in a reducing atmosphere. Treating the surface chemically or electrolytically can also clean tungsten wire. (The diameter of the wire may be further reduced after drawing by electrolytic etching.)

The cleaned wire can be electroplated with such elements as gold, silver, nickel and copper, for use primarily in electronic tubes.

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The word "tungsten" is an adaptation of the Swedish tung sten (heavy stone) and was first applied to the mineral scheelite about 1758. The element was first identified in 1781 by a Swedish chemist, K.W. Scheele, for whom the calcium tungstate mineral, scheelite, was later named. Commercially, tungsten is prepared from scheelite.

Further processing results in a yellow powder of tungsten tri-oxides that would be considered extremely pure by most commercial standards. However, the desired properties of tungsten wire are affected so adversely by minute quantities of unwanted impurities that another purification is added. This consists of re-dissolving the hydroxide, purifying the solution, and crystallizing the tungsten out in the form of ammonium paratungstate.

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