Chinese long-term monopoly of global production of rare earths. However, in recent years, related to the dispute with Beijing has a new trend: Western companies turn to alternatives and other areas, rare earth prices decline.

For the global high-tech industry, rare earth is a kind of precious material. Computer chip, motor, wind power generation device or Internet mobile phone, all have their shadows. However, over the years, the special material, the ongoing fierce controversy. 90% of the rare earth in the China production. However, the country's export restrictions on rare earth, especially including Germany, Europe and the United States, Japan enterprises have been seriously affected. Although western countries have a stage victory, in trade disputes arising from — &mdash WTO arbitration court ruled last month Chinese limit of rare earth export violation of free trade rules, but the problem is far from; thereby addressed.

Headquarters is located in the study Chinese Mukato Institute in Berlin (MERICS) expert Verbeek (JostWü bbeke) think, “ influence WTO award the very small ”. Because, ruling would not take effect immediately. China also may appeal. Verbeek in an interview with the German news agency that forced the cancellation of export restrictions, in front, Beijing has nearly a year transition period; and whether China will implement the arbitration decision, is still uncertain.

China own industry needs a lot of rare earth. At the same time, the Beijing government is not willing to excessive consumption of domestic rare earth resources, avoid harmful mining and processing of excessive pollution of the environment. Therefore, rare earth mining loss. Verbeek pointed out, it is not clear, Chinese will continue to supply the world market as well as to what extent.

Prices fell

Nevertheless, the international market, prices have fallen. Many enterprises are now looking for the high technology of metal ore alternatives. Verbeek pointed out, foreign consumers increasingly use alternative raw materials, and reduces the application of rare earth. In addition, the world economic crisis also makes the demand to fall. Also, although Beijing's central government restrictions on many small, local producers are still regardless of the provisions, to continue production, and thus lower prices. Verbeek thinks, Beijing tried to make the rare earth prices remain high long-term plan must have failed. Although, China holds the world's largest rare earth reserves, but other America and Russia and other countries also have huge storage, fully able to meet domestic demand. In addition, Japan, Europe, America and other countries and regions of high-end enterprise to find alternatives to rare earths for certain products, and more efficient recycling of rare earth materials. Of course, this strategy also has the limit, at least, so far, rare earth is still indispensable in many technical fields.

Forces

On the other hand, as prices fall, change relation between power. In 2011, certain kinds of rare earth prices reached the highest point, which makes the difficult area exploitation of rare earth has become attractive. For example, discontinued 8 years later, USA California “ ” ore pass (MountainPass) at the end of 2010 production; in Malaysia, last year has started processing from Australian rare earth.

However, the German Federal Bureau of Geology and raw materials (BGR) recently pointed out, today, in California and Malaysia, have no one to talk about was exciting “ expand the production capacity of ” this prospect.

Mercator China Research Institute expert Verbeek stressed, has its historical reasons China dominant position in the field of rare earth. In very long period of time, Beijing to the low price of this high technology of metal ore mining, resulting in the rest of the world mining unable to map. While the industrial countries and long-term underestimate the strategic value of rare earth. According to his statement is: “ industrial country consumers long-term peace of mind lying on the China prices. ”

Suddenly 3 years ago rare earth prices rise, stimulated the mass in search of a rare earth ore international. According to the Federal Bureau of geological materials and digital, has discovered more than 440 rare earth ore. The agency said in a report, new mines, many potential minerals and beyond all expectations of many alternatives to rare earths prices fell.

But, even so, China rare-earth monopoly has not shaken. In particular, the heavy rare earth called is still only Chinese mining, and heavy rare earth is crucial for electric mobility, the wind power generation device and energy saving lighting has significance. That the Federal Bureau of Geology and raw materials, the heavy rare earth supply is still under threat.


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WTO panel report released U.S., EU , Japan and other members of the party complained Chinese exports of rare earth tungsten and molybdenum - Measures ( referred to as " rare case" ) . The report said that the Chinese government adopted a series of measures to limit the export of these products in violation of WTO rules should be amended to conform to WTO rules . In this regard, the Chinese side expressed regret and has recently decided to appeal the panel report in relation to the WTO Appellate Body .

WTO Panel sure I protect the environment and resources, but I recognized export restrictions

In recent years , Chinese government for the purpose of protecting the environment and exhaustible domestic resources have been put forward a series of measures to limit the export of raw materials such as rare earth , which caused the United States, Europe , and Japan , as rare as a strategic resource and long tradition imported from China "big " their dissatisfaction. But in fact, rare earth resources in China have not rich , but it has long been the world's largest rare earth export country .

With the rapid development of high-tech industries , global demand and rapid growth in the consumption of rare earths . Rare earth resources are non-renewable mineral resources , due to the large number of years , disorderly exploitation , China 's rare earth resources are on the verge of exhaustion . On the other hand , rare earth production, processing a tremendous impact on the ecological environment , environmental pollution caused by its mining more serious . Seen, to some extent, limit exports of rare earths will undoubtedly help to curb the momentum of China 's rare earth mining , consistent with the policy goals of sustainable development.

Many people do not understand , is this a very proper measures are WTO panel did not get recognized , but the judgment against the Chinese ? Some people ask, Does the Chinese government must sacrifice their own resources and the environment to maintain a large number of exports to developed countries do ? For China, this is fair?

In fact , just read the panel report , it is not difficult to find , WTO Expert Group did not identify the Chinese government restrictions on the export of raw materials and rare earth purpose is wrong, not only that, the expert group on the Chinese side to protect exhaustible resources and the environment in mind to be sure that this is not only consistent with the objectives of sustainable development pursued by the WTO , but also China has sovereign rights to manage natural resources. Unfortunately , the Group believes that some restrictions on the export of measures taken by the Chinese side did not achieve the above objective , for some reasonable evidence and views put forward by China were not admissible . Especially in the export tax measures , despite an expert group members supported the Chinese point of view , but in the end the Group of Experts still believe that China is not entitled to invoke GATT Article 20 , " General Exceptions " clause of China 's export tax take defense .

Appeal to the WTO Appellate Body : Hope and anxiety coexist

On appeal , we should carefully analyze the report of the Group , on this basis, the full use of WTO rules and construed in accordance with the law argue utmost to strive for the success of the appeal .

In accordance with WTO rules , the Appellate Body only appeal to review the legal issues of the case , therefore , the ability to use the rule of law , the ability to explain the success of the appeal is crucial . Now it seems that the final result for the appeal , the hopes and fears coexist.

On the one hand , the export tax, an expert group members as well as Russia , Brazil , Argentina and other members of the party 's support for China -related positions so that we see the hope . In the case hearing , the experts believe that , starting from the integrity and overall perspective of interpretation of the WTO Agreement , together with the Chinese side should enjoy the " general exceptions " rights conferred by Article 20 of GATT on the export tax issue with the WTO members , the provision allows members to meet the statutory requirements under the premise of protecting the environment and exhaustible resources , the protection of human , animal and plant life and health and violate WTO rules.

Raw materials in China WTO has ruled in the case , WTO Experts Group based only on China ' s Protocol ' exit tax provisions Section 11.3 , did not identify the Chinese have no right to invoke GATT1994 advocate on GATT Article 20 on the export tax question " in general exceptions " rights conferred by this new member of the WTO , such as China is obviously unfair . To this end , the Chinese government and international law experts , scholars have been using a variety of occasions , actively using the theory of international law and WTO rules argue. The win support from an expert as well as a number of important WTO members , and indeed made ​​important progress .

But one can imagine , on this issue , the appeals process between China and the United States, Europe, Japan and the inevitably there will be a battle , we must be fully prepared for all aspects of the fight to change the position before the WTO Appellate Body held , China is in favor of the right to invoke GATT Article 20 , " general Exceptions " in terms of export taxes .

In addition, the Group of Experts to ignore certain evidence submitted by the Chinese as well as efforts to protect the environment and exhaustible resources, especially that the Chinese government take to limit the number of rare earth and other views licenses and other export restrictions and WTO rules we should further explain and defend to the Appellate Body .

Of course , from a previous judicial practice WTO Appellate Body ruling to overturn the possibility of the Group of Experts was not great, which is why we worry for the outcome of the appeal . But even so, should not be shaken, even give up fighting for the rights of determination and confidence , because , after all, is an important opportunity to appeal to reiterate our views and positions .

We should also re-examine the execution and implementation of policy measures

Meanwhile , at home, our government departments and local should urgently re-examine whether there are areas for improvement restrict the export of rare earth and other raw materials and concrete implementation of policies and measures to implement the process .

For example , in accordance with the requirements of the WTO rules and the " principle of good faith " in international law , at the same time should also restrict the export restrictions on domestic production and consumption , export restrictions , if on the one hand , while on the other hand the domestic production and consumption is increasing , this will form the international trade " arbitrary, disguised discrimination ," which is not allowed by WTO rules .

In particular it should be noted that, after the central government has formulated policies , some local governments and enterprises only their own petty , openly or covertly continuing large number of mining rare earths , the so-called "policies , under the measures ." This is not only with the national environmental protection efforts and contrary to the relevant decision-making , but also invited heavy criticism , be evidence of another attack China 's rare earth policy.

In addition, to implement the protection of the environment and exhaustible resources policy, between the central government departments, relevant policies and measures between central and local government should further be coordinated , absolutely avoid fragmented, inconsistent rulemaking situation . This is the uniform implementation of WTO agreements and the principle of transparency requires members to assume the obligations in this regard , we have a lot of work to do .

In short, the rare case gives us a lot of inspiration and reflection , hope and worry exist , but for our future development of environmental policy and legislation to promote scientific, fine, unification is concerned , is not a bad thing.


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Ganzhou City Hall held a news conference, the netizen reflects the re regulation related issues, informed of the relevant situation.

Ganzhou City Hall relevant person in charge, before 2010, Ganzhou rare earth once more serious illegal coal phenomenon. In accordance with the national unified deployment, since the end of 2010, Ganzhou city to increase the rare earth mining order rectification, to ban a number of illegal exploitation of mines, but the grass-roots cadres involved in the illegal exploitation of the phenomenon still occur. In 2013 June, the Jiangxi provincial Party committee held a special meeting, the deployment of Ganzhou rare earth to carry out special rectification work. Ganzhou city in accordance with the deployment, led by the City Commission for Discipline Inspection, taking Anyuan County as the key point, carried out over a period of 3 months of rare earth special rectification. Rectification period, the city sent a total of more than 200 working group, a total of more than 3000 people, found and crack down on illegal mining point of 233 (including Anyuan County, 104), the illegal exploitation of Mines parties has been filed.

Through the special rectification, a fundamental improvement of Ganzhou rare earth mining order, rare earth prices steadily rise, give full play to the advantages of rare earth resources for Ganzhou, bigger and stronger the rare earth industry to create the conditions, be the Ministry, national rare earth office, the Ministry of land and resources fully affirmed.


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Today, rare earth market continued stable, market turnover less, some suppliers reflect prices rose slightly change, more manufacturers and traders to reflect the recent not what the new list.

According to the Ganzhou area manufacturer said, now dysprosium oxide shipping prices than last week to 1700000 yuan / tons, slightly lower 1-2 yuan / ton, while other businesses said dysprosium oxide shipping prices have been in the 163-165 million / ton. Europium, terbium market is more desolate, the recent market transactions are scarce, it is understood as a trader, to deal with now is some before order, has not received the new inquiries and purchase. Other manufacturers have said it was normal to start, five one normal holiday, this week only received some lanthanum, cerium list, basic didn't what profit.

Today Baotou rare earth exchange spot trading platform shows that the majority of rare earth oxide volume is not large, as of 14:00, europium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium oxide volume only over 100 kilograms, praseodymium neodymium oxide, neodymium oxide volume only a ton, erbium oxide, praseodymium oxide volume less than a ton. Low price and relatively stable cerium, yttrium oxide, cerium oxide greater turnover, turnover in more than 16 tons, yttrium oxide volume of less than 10 tons.


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National Development and Reform Commission recently issued the "Guidelines for the revitalization of Jiangxi, Fujian and the Central Soviet Area Development Plan approved" , formally approved the implementation of the " revitalization of Jiangxi, Fujian and the Central Soviet Area Development Plan ." "Plan " proposed to undertake coastal industrial transfer efforts , promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure , the layout is related to a number of major industrial raw Central Soviet long-term development of major projects, major platforms , adding a number of supportive policies, outlines the former Central Soviet Area beautiful blueprint for the revitalization of development . Planning involves a total of 108 counties , including Jiangxi, 57 , 41 , Fujian , Guangdong and 10 .

Gannan is a former Central Soviet Area and the core area of ​​the body . State Council departments will be implementation of the policy aspects of project construction , funding , institutional innovations such as active support for its revitalization and development to create a favorable policy environment. Jiangxi Provincial Development and Reform Commission , according to the relevant person in charge, the "Plan" implemented to Ganzhou -based Southern Rare Earth industry will usher in a new development opportunity. Ganzhou ionic rare earth mine in the South was first discovered , the first exploration, the first use of the region . Advantage of local resources and industrial base to Ganzhou Rare Earth Group as the leading high-end rare earth development and application of new materials industry , building a strong international competitiveness of rare earth rare metals industrial base and national important new material industrial base , the formation of the country and the world's major rare earth and rare earth industry base cooperative innovation demonstration base, Ganzhou "rare earth dream ."

Pingyuan County , Meizhou City, also in the Central Soviet Area range. Pingyuan County in Guangdong Province, the first rare earth mining counties . Meizhou rare earth new materials industry has been selected for 2013 Guangdong provinces to build strategic emerging industrial base , with the rare earth new materials industry base construction , Ping Yuan rare earth industry is expected to achieve annual output value of 5 billion yuan , 50 billion yuan and promote the application of rare earth industrial scale .

Wu policy changting County suburbs located within the town of Fujian ( Longyan ) Rare Industrial Park , Fujian Province , Longyan City, the implementation of major projects , and is the only rare earth industrial park named Fujian Province . Focuses on the development of rare earth permanent magnet materials , rare earth luminescent materials , rare earth hydrogen storage materials, heavy rare earth alloys , rare earth new materials, five rare earth deep processing industry chain. "Twelve Five" rare earth industry output Longyan City will achieve 30 billion yuan , the basic industrial base into the country's rare earth rare earth industry and national high-tech park.

"Plan " for the Central Soviet Area in particular, Fujian Minxi part contiguous counties destitute former Soviet Central accorded equal Gan South Sioux former Central Soviet Area dominant position , and also perform western development policy , the state government on the west, taxation, investment , finance and other support policies will promote the rapid development of rare earth industry in Longyan and other places .

In addition to the rare earth industry , the " plan" will help to promote Ganzhou fluoride salt chemical industry to develop healthily. Petrochemical Industry and Information Committee of Jiangxi Province Department official told reporters that the fluorite resources Ganzhou , rock salt is rich in resources . In recent years, Ganzhou through integration of resources , and guide enterprises to upgrade , the introduction of strategic investors to build industrial base and a series of measures , structural fluoride salt chemical industry gradually adjusted , the cluster effect gradually.

According to the introduction , in 2013 , Ganzhou fluoride salt chemical industry 's main business revenues 5.435 billion yuan , an increase of 23.27% ; total profit and tax 925 million yuan , an increase of 84.73% over the previous year . Currently, Ganzhou has three provincial-level industrial bases, namely fluoride salt chemical industry base in Jiangxi Huichang County , Jiangxi fluorine chemical industry base in Xingguo County of Jiangxi Province and Nanjing County 's new lithium battery materials industry base.


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Last weekend reported that residents living near the Wyoming water quality, dust control, and radioactive minerals region expressed concern because the company plans rare element resources in the area in the vicinity of rare earth ore mined .

The mine is located in Wyoming , " Sun Dance" Northeast, about 6 air miles , will cover the Black Hills National Forest Park, an area of about 1700 acres . The project is about 640 acres of private land surrounded by forest . The mine is expected to be mined for 43 years .

A sun dance of Indigenous Peoples RandyLeinen said: " I ​​am not against this project, but if they develop , and I hope they do the right thing ."

Leinen go along with the others , they are worried about radioactive dust and water . Is a byproduct of radioactive dust that may be generated during processing of rare earth elements .

He said: " The last thing we want to do is become a second Pavillion, in Fremont County, water quality problems have occurred , when the Environmental Protection Agency considers oil drilling and fracking near about .


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Ministry of Science and technology research institutes special fund research and development projects , " no ammoniated rare earth production technology research " results , through the identification by the Jiangxi Provincial Science and Technology Department of Technology in Nanchang .

China has a unique ionic rare earth resources in the world, plays a decisive role . And now the country ionic rare earth smelting enterprises, commonly used carbon ammonia extraction , ammonia saponification and other technology to reduce and eliminate ammonia emissions in the production process has become a major technology companies have long plagued with environmental problems.

One of three research institutes of China's metallurgical industry was founded , is "Southern ionic rare earth " discovery and naming units , successfully resolved the South China ionic rare earth development and utilization of a series of technical problems. To address the rare earth smelting process ammonia nitrogen problem , which was declared as a national research institutes MOST special funds for technology development and research project "rare earth production of non ammoniated process research " commitment unit in 2012. After nearly two years of study of new extraction agent Jiangxi Institute of engineering and technical personnel , non-ammonia extraction and separation of rare earth line saponification techniques , experimental research ammoniated process research and industrial applications , such as non- rare earth production , the project has made significant innovative achievements .

Identification of the meeting , the experts heard " no ammoniated rare earth production technology research " project group research reports and review of technical documents submitted identified , discussed and approved the formation of expert opinion : the status quo for ionic rare earth production of ammonia pollution , pioneered the ammonia leaching , ammonia-free continuous saponification , no ammonia precipitation sets of technology , to eliminate the ammonia uptake from the source to achieve a non- ammoniated rare earth production , ionic rare earth mining , separation and precipitation provide a complete set of the new processes and technologies . The experts agreed that the integration of innovative research projects remarkable technology at the international leading level , agreed to adopt the scientific and technological achievements , and recommended increased efforts to promote the application of research results .

Appraisal meeting was chaired by the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province Hao Xuhao achievements ; domestic famous expert Zhang Wenhai , director of Chinese Academy of Engineering of any appraisal committee , Jiangxi Rare Earth Industry Association , Nanchang University, Polytechnic University, participated in a number of units of project identification .


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Recently, the third installment in the list of industrial products, quality control and technical evaluation laboratory MIIT , the Hunan Academy of rare earth material was selected as a national quality control of industrial products and technology evaluation laboratory , Hunan Province, seven national " industrial products Laboratory "one.

Quality control of industrial products and technology evaluation laboratory , approved by the Ministry , its product quality control and technical evaluation of the ability level of the nation's leading and promoting industrial development of varieties, improve quality, create a brand and improve services play an important role . Was approved as a national " Industrial Products Laboratory ", the country in terms of industrial planning and special funding arrangements , will be the focus of support.

Hunan Institute of rare earth materials has nearly 2000 square meters of laboratories, advanced large-scale testing equipment , including : inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy , atomic absorption spectroscopy , infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer , infrared oxygen and nitrogen analyzer, particle size analyzer ( UK Malvern ) , fixed hydrogen analyzer, the average particle size analyzer, electron microscopy analyzer, imported plasma emission spectrometer , X- fluorescence detector. Over the years , the center completed a large delegation of business at home and abroad to detect and development work undertaken rare drafting a number of national standard analytical methods and standards of the sample.


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Smooth operation of the rare earth market , the market focus is still purchasing and storage plan , but has not yet made an official document issued, some suppliers lack of confidence due to the lack of market demand ranked sidelines temporarily closed for quoted prices , the market is expected to change within a short time or obvious.

Dysprosium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax 163-165 yuan / ton, dysprosium iron mainstream manufacturers tax price 168-170 yuan / ton.

Praseodymium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 570,000-580,000 yuan / ton. Neodymium oxide 310,000-320,000 yuan / ton.

Lanthanum oxide manufacturers tax price 19,000-20,000 yuan / ton. Cerium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 20,000-21,000 yuan / ton.

Neodymium oxide, praseodymium mainstream manufacturers tax price 315,000-325,000 yuan / ton , praseodymium , neodymium metal mainstream manufacturers tax price 410,000-420,000 yuan / ton.

Fluorescent europium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 3,950-4,050 yuan / kg. Terbium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 3,000-3,200 yuan / kg.


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Monday deserted rare earth market situation continues , many businesses do not reflect No price quote or offer a smooth , there was no significant positive stimulus under the influence of rare earth market ups and downs dilemma . Currently the supply side of the rare earth market lower corporate profits , heavy mind up hope , watching the market , the demand for short-term demand -side release a lot more difficult , slower pace of growth in end demand , supply and demand in the current market is more stalemate. In the rare case of international preliminary against the background of China , the official order of aspects of the management of the industry will become increasingly stringent , sluggish market, the industry self-regulation will be enhanced if the recent real implementation of purchasing and storage , will further enhance market confidence, the price will be support and promote the role slight rise .

Praseodymium neodymium products market, according to vendors reflect Baotou neodymium oxide, praseodymium now without a ticket price in 280,000 yuan / ton , praseodymium , neodymium metal with no votes are still 350,000 , unchanged from last week . According to Ganzhou local suppliers understand now neodymium oxide, praseodymium currently without a ticket price of 27.5-28 yuan / ton. Praseodymium , neodymium market with similar products for nearly a week dysprosium merchants offer no significant decrease occurred , dysprosium oxide mainstream price is still concentrated in 165-170 yuan / ton, last week , according to some businesses dysprosia shipping price 165 yuan / ton less.

Lanthanum cerium mixed metal continued downturn shock , Baotou manufacturers that now with ticket prices at around 3.5-4 yuan / ton wandering around earlier shipping price 38,000 yuan / ton. According to Ganzhou region reflect traders lanthanum, cerium oxide shipments relative dysprosium, praseodymium , neodymium more, but the situation is not particularly good deal . Lanthanum, cerium is not out of state purchasing and storage plan , and the market supply surplus situation will not change the long-term , fundamental favorable that the supplier . Today Baotou Rare Earth Cerium oxide midday Exchange closing price and the closing price on Friday was flat , as of 14:00, spot trading platform cerium oxide was 20.4 yuan / kg , on the overall operation , the maximum fluctuation of cerium oxide only there are a wool / kg.


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