APT Molarity Effect on the Formation of WO3–TiO2 Nanotubes

Self-organized and highly ordered titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanotubes synthesized through anodization and wet impregnation were applied to incorporate tungsten trioxide (WO₃) species uniformly throughout the walls of nanotubes. In this study, ammonium paratungstate (APT) was used as a precursor. The effect of APT molarity on the formation of WO₃–TiO₂ nanotubes was investigated using field emission microscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The WO₃–TiO₂ nanotubes dipped in 0.3 mM APT aqueous solution exhibited better photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under visible illumination. A maximum photocurrent of 2.1 mA/cm² with a photoconversion efficiency of 5.1% was obtained, which is approximately twice higher than that of pure TiO₂ nanotubes. The findings were mainly attributed to higher charge carrier separation, which minimized the recombination losses and enhanced the transportation of photo-induced electrons in this binary hybrid photoelectrode.

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